Childhood Trauma Leaves its Mark on Adult Cellular Health, Study Shows

New research links childhood adversity to mitochondrial bioenergetic changes later in life, underscoring the impact of stress in early life on cellular health. The studyopens in new tab/window also found that different types of childhood stressors leave unique biological signatures. The findings in Biological Psychiatryopens in new tab/window, published by Elsevier, add to our understanding of how early-life adversity can impact mental and physical health across the lifespan, informing screening and intervention efforts.

Early-life adversity encompasses experiences that represent deviations from the expected environment and require adaptation, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, food insecurity, and physical neglect. Recent evidence estimates that 64% of adults in the United States experience at least one adverse event in childhood and adolescence, with nearly one in five (17.3%) reporting four or more events.

“Stressful and traumatic experiences impact both mental and physical health,” explains lead investigator Jennifer A. Sumner, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles. “For this study, we focused on mitochondrial function as a potential pathway for the biological embedding of stress. Mitochondria are often thought of as the ‘powerhouse of the cell,’ but they are much more than that and play a pivotal role in stress-related pathology and biological aging.”

Despite increasing recognition of the effects of psychosocial stress on mitochondrial function, very little research has examined early-life adversity and the function of mitochondria in living cells. This study is the first to examine early-life adversity and mitochondrial bioenergetics in a diverse sample of adult men and women.

Given the high prevalence of early-life adversity and its important implications for mental and physical health, the investigators examined how early experiences of adversity may impact mitochondria. In a sample of 143 trauma-exposed adults, researchers measured various bioenergetic parameters of live mitochondria using a mitochondrial “stress test.” They found that cumulative experiences of early-life adversity were associated with mitochondrial bioenergetic patterns characterized by an increase in respiratory (energy-producing) capacity.

The investigators differentiated between types of trauma: experiences characterized by threat, such as abuse or violence, and deprivation, such as neglect or food insecurity, were differentially associated with markers of mitochondrial function, suggesting that the type of adversity impacts biological health in distinct ways. Threat was associated with lower cellular energy demand and a shift away from glycolysis (the body’s process of breaking down sugar [glucose] to create energy), whereas deprivation was linked to increased glycolytic activity and more inefficient energy production, which may indicate greater dysfunction.

Examining distinct early-life adversity dimensions of threat and deprivation in relation to mitochondrial function revealed greater nuance in our understanding of the relationship between early adversity and mitochondrial function.

“We were particularly surprised by the different patterns of mitochondrial function observed across early experiences of threat versus deprivation,” comments first author Shiloh Cleveland, MA, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles. “Elucidating how adversity in childhood and adolescence relates to mitochondrial function could inform targeted intervention efforts earlier in the lifespan to promote positive health outcomes before the onset of age-related diseases.”

Dr. Sumner adds, “Our study’s findings suggest that taking a more nuanced approach to thinking about experiences of early adversity may help to shed light on distinct mechanisms of the biological embedding of stress.”

The investigators note that future research should continue to explore the mechanisms of how early adversity impacts health across the lifespan to inform better intervention and prevention efforts.

John Krystal, MD, Editor of Biological Psychiatry, concludes, “There is growing interest in how cellular dysfunction impacts mental health. This study shows that early childhood trauma leaves a lasting imprint on adult mitochondrial function, pointing to an important pathway through which early-life stress contributes to the biology of psychiatric disorders.”

Notes for editors

The article is "Early-Life Adversity and Mitochondrial Function: Comparing Cumulative Risk and Dimensional Models of Adversity,” by Shiloh Cleveland, Judith E. Carroll, Amanda K. Montoya, Leah Cha, Linsey Stiles, and Jennifer A. Sumner (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.04.006opens in new tab/window). It appears online in Biological Psychiatry, published by Elsevier.

The article is openly available at https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(26)01190-X/fulltextopens in new tab/window.

Full text of the study and additional information are also available to credentialed journalists upon request; please contact Rhiannon Bugno at [email protected]opens in new tab/window. Journalists wishing to interview the authors should contact Holly Ober, Senior Media Relations Officer, UCLA, at [email protected]opens in new tab/window.

This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL139614) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR001881).

The authors’ affiliations and disclosures of financial relationships and conflicts of interest are available in the article.

John H. Krystal, MD, is Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Yale University School of Medicine, Chief of Psychiatry at Yale-New Haven Hospital, and a research psychiatrist at the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. His disclosures of financial relationships and conflicts of interest are available hereopens in new tab/window.

About Biological Psychiatry

Biological Psychiatryopens in new tab/window is the official journal of the Society of Biological Psychiatryopens in new tab/window, whose purpose is to promote excellence in scientific research and education in fields that investigate the nature, causes, mechanisms, and treatments of disorders of thought, emotion, or behavior. In accord with this mission, this peer-reviewed, rapid-publication, international journal publishes both basic and clinical contributions from all disciplines and research areas relevant to the pathophysiology and treatment of major psychiatric disorders.

The journal publishes novel results of original research which represent an important new lead or significant impact on the field, particularly those addressing genetic and environmental risk factors, neural circuitry and neurochemistry, and important new therapeutic approaches. Reviews and commentaries that focus on topics of current research and interest are also encouraged.

Biological Psychiatry is one of the most selective and highly cited journals in the field of psychiatric neuroscience. It is ranked 9^th out of 156 Psychiatry titles and 17^th out of 271 Neurosciences titles in Journal Citation Reports^TM, published by Clarivate. The 2024 Impact Factor score for Biological Psychiatry is 9.0.www.sobp.org/journalopens in new tab/window

About Elsevier

Elsevier is a global leader in advanced information and decision support. For over a century, we have been helping advance science and healthcare to advance human progress. We support academic and corporate research communities, doctors, nurses, future healthcare professionals, and educators across 170 countries in their vital work. We help impact makers achieve better outcomes with research and clinical-grade solutions built on the world’s leading evidence-based scientific and medical content, precision AI, and expert human assessment. We champion inclusion and sustainability, working with the communities that we serve. The Elsevier Foundationopens in new tab/window supports research and health partnerships around the world.

Elsevier is part of RELXopens in new tab/window, a global provider of information-based analytics and decision tools for professional and business customers. For more information, visit www.elsevier.com and follow us on social media @elsevierconnect.