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Universities, societal impact & sustainable development

A closer look for research leaders

Updated: April 15, 2022

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What is societal impact?

If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.

- Isaac Newton

In 1961, two researchers published articles:

about the discovery of messenger RNA (mRNA). While it took almost 60 years and many, many additional discoveries, those early breakthroughs drove the 2020 development of two SARS-CoV-2 vaccines — one from Moderna and the other from a partnership between Pfizer and BioNTech.

The researchers are standing on shoulders, building on a breakthrough finding with further discoveries until we can vaccinate the global population from succumbing to Covid-19. That is a lot of societal impact.

Increasingly, governments, funders, the community and more, are demanding to understand the value of university research. They want to know that the significant investment into research is going to help people.

Monk et al. (2017) articulated this sentiment well in the article, Five Ways Universities are Organising Themselves to Increase Societal Impact:

For many, universities and higher educational institutions continue to be viewed as elitist and isolated institutions, with little connection to the society, communities and organisations around them. Indeed, universities are large, bureaucratic organisations, and many still operate in this stereotyped ‘traditional’ way. However, at a time when the challenges facing society are increasing in scale and complexity, traditional institutions, from banks to the public service to NGOs, have begun reviewing their roles, in an effort to be more collaborative. Universities are no different. (p. 1)

From the Covid-19 vaccine example, it is evident that there needs to be a balance between what is known as “blue sky” research and applied and translational research. That is, we must strike a balance between fundamental discoveries — such as the existence of mRNA — and applied research — figuring out how to create a vaccine that will work.

Webinar: Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable

Learn more from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Watch the replay(opens in new tab/window)

Webinar: Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable

In “Bye, bye blue sky: Part 1: A conversation with Lee Cronin(opens in new tab/window),” an episode of the Research 2030 podcast, Dr. Lesley Thompson, Vice President at Elsevier and former Programme Director at the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the largest of the seven UK research councils, asked Dr. Lee Cronin, Regius Chair of Chemistry, University of Glasgow:

If you are running this very adventurous, speculative, serendipitous research lab, can you describe the relationship between that endeavor and the work that you do that leads to applied science?

Listen to Dr. Cronin tell us about creating the “Chemputer”(opens in new tab/window) which he is using to produce new drugs and research the origin of life blue sky and applied all in one.

Listen to our podcasts(opens in new tab/window)

One of the driving forces behind doing research that leads to new drugs, new medical devices, new engineering feats, or more is when universities collaborate with industry partners. To learn more about this type of collaboration, you can read our University-industry collaboration guide.

Societal impact is a big topic that is spoken about and thought about in many different ways

For example, we will explore some of these topics:

  • The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • University Grand Challenges

  • “Moonshots”

  • Times Higher Education (THE) Impact Rankings

What are the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

These are a new set of goals to finish work started in 2000 with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 17 new goals are called Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs.

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

According to the United Nations(opens in new tab/window):

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth — all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.

Higher education did not play a significant role with the initial 2000-2015 Millennium Development Goals. However, that changed with the 2015-2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Now, universities everywhere are interested in achieving these ambitious goals.

How to demonstrate your societal impact.

There are a lot of ways a university can demonstrate societal impact. For example, when speaking about SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, you have an impact by:

  • Providing free drinking water to students, staff and visitors

  • Promoting conscious water usage on campus and in the wider community

  • Planting landscapes to minimize water usage

A significant way universities show commitment to sustainable development and societal impact is by using their powerful research capabilities in these critical areas. You can also skip ahead to see how ScopusPure and SciVal can help you understand your societal and SDG research.

The SDGs

Scopus offers pre-generated search queries for 17 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

  1. No Poverty(opens in new tab/window): End poverty in all its forms

  2. Zero Hunger(opens in new tab/window): End hunger, achieve food security and nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

  3. Good Health and Well-Being(opens in new tab/window): Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

  4. Quality Education(opens in new tab/window): Ensure inclusive and equitable education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

  5. Gender Equality(opens in new tab/window): Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

  6. Clean Water and Sanitation(opens in new tab/window): Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

  7. Affordable and Clean Energy(opens in new tab/window): Ensure access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy for all

  8. Decent Work and Economic Growth(opens in new tab/window): Promote sustained and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

  9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure(opens in new tab/window): Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

  10. Reduced Inequalities(opens in new tab/window): Reduce inequality in an among countries

  11. Sustainable Cities and Communities(opens in new tab/window): Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

  12. Responsible Consumption and Production(opens in new tab/window): Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

  13. Climate Action(opens in new tab/window): Take urgent to combat climate change and its impacts

  14. Life Below Water(opens in new tab/window): Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

  15. Life on Land:(opens in new tab/window) Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat deforestation, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

  16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions(opens in new tab/window): Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

  17. Partnership for the Goals(opens in new tab/window): Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Learn more about SDGs in the RELX Resource Center(opens in new tab/window) or by visiting our Sustainability Science Hub.

SDG Academic Hubs

In 2018 the UN established 17 individual SDG Academic Impact Hubs. For example, the University of Pretoria (South Africa) is the hub for SDG 2: Zero Hunger(opens in new tab/window). According to the UN Academic Impact(opens in new tab/window) website, they selected the University of Pretoria (UP) because their long-term strategy, known as UP 2025:

[University of Pretoria] is centered on research that addresses societal problems and, in particular, problems faced by Africa as a developing region. It hosts a number of SDG2(opens in new tab/window)-related Institutes, Centers and collaborate widely with South African, African and international institutions.

University of Pretoria

University of Pretoria

University

Country

SDG

Kristu Jayanti College(opens in new tab/window)

India

SDG 1: No poverty

University of Pretoria(opens in new tab/window)

South Africa

SDG 2: Zero hunger

New York Medical College(opens in new tab/window)

United States

SDG 3: Good health and wellbeing

University of Auckland(opens in new tab/window)

New Zealand

SDG 4: Quality education

Ahfad University for Women(opens in new tab/window)

Sudan

SDG 5: Gender equality

University of Manitoba(opens in new tab/window)

Canada

SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Energy Policy and Development Centre(opens in new tab/window)

Greece

SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy

Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences(opens in new tab/window)

Pakistan

SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth

Nagaoka University of Technology(opens in new tab/window)

Japan

SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Mount Kenya University(opens in new tab/window)

Kenya

SDG 10: Reduced inequalities

UNISINOS(opens in new tab/window)

Brazil

SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities

University for Peace(opens in new tab/window)

Costa Rica

SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production

National University of Rosario(opens in new tab/window)

Argentina

SDG 13: Climate action

University of Bergen(opens in new tab/window)

Norway

SDG 14: Life below water

University of Zanjan(opens in new tab/window)

Iran

SDG 15: Life on land

De Montfort University(opens in new tab/window)

United Kingdom

SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

The new Hub will be announced soon

SDG 17: Partnership for the goals

What are the Times Higher Education (THE) Impact Rankings?

According to the World Economic Forum(opens in new tab/window), the Times Higher Education (THE) University Impact Rankings(opens in new tab/window) are the "world’s first global attempt to document evidence of universities’ impact on society, rather than just research and teaching performance."

The 2021 Impact Rankings included 1,118 universities from 94 countries.

NOTE: Take a deeper look at Elsevier and the Times Higher Education (THE) Impact Rankings.

For more information about THE World University Rankings, please visit our rankings guide.

THE says that, “We use carefully calibrated indicators to provide comprehensive and balanced comparisons across four broad areas: researchstewardshipoutreach and teaching.” THE created different measurable objectives for each of the 17 SDGs.

For example, SDG 5(opens in new tab/window): Gender Equality:

The elements that make up the decision for the impact ranking on SDG 5: Gender Equality(opens in new tab/window).

Some of the categories break down further. For example, the 27% Research portion breaks down into:

  • Proportion of a university’s total research output that is authored by women (10%)

  • Proportion of papers on gender equality in the top 10 percent of journals as defined by Citescore (10%)

  • Number of publications on gender equality (7%)

In 2021, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University(opens in new tab/window) was ranked #1 by THE for SDG 5. It is a large women’s university established in 1970, and an example of how the Impact Rankings can highlight the significant contributions toward societal impact a university is making.

La Trobe University(opens in new tab/window) ranked #2 for SDG 5 in 2021, is a larger research university, and is in the top 100 universities publishing the most gender-related research.

Each university has it's unique strengths and contributions to Gender Equality.

Please go here for a detailed look at all the factors that make up each SDG impact rank.

Overall rank

THE also calculates an overall rank. THE calculates the overall rank based on an institution’s top three SDGs plus SDG 17. Specifically, the weighting is:

  • SDG 17 accounts for 22% of the overall score

  • The other SDGs each carry a weight of 26%

In 2022, the University of Manchester had the highest overall rank, which is calculated based on the 3 SDG areas the University ranked strongest in, plus its score in SDG 17, Partnerships for the Goals:

the University of Manchester overall rank

The score was calculated as:

However, THE(opens in new tab/window) goes on to say,

The score from each SDG is scaled so that the highest score in each SDG in the overall calculation is 100. This is to adjust for minor differences in the scoring range in each SDG and to ensure that universities are treated equitably, whichever SDGs they have provided data for. It is these scaled scores that we use to determine which SDGs a university has performed most strongly in; they may not be the SDGs in which the university is ranked highest or has scored highest based on unscaled scores.

The Overall Impact Ranking has detractors. Can you add Gender Equality to Life Below Water? And then compare to another institution who is contributing to No Poverty and Zero Hunger?

In a piece written by Cesar Wazen(opens in new tab/window), Director of International Affairs Office at Qatar University(opens in new tab/window) called, “Did the overall ranking mess it up?(opens in new tab/window)” he raises the point,

Why would you include an overall ranking if you want to highlight the efforts on each SDG, especially as some universities, by the constitution, cannot tackle all #SDGs, or at least 4 as the ranking requires?

Wazen proposes that the Impact Rankings Overall Rank be more akin to the Formula 1 racing point system.

  1. 25 pts

  2. 18 pts

  3. 15 pts

  4. 12 pts

  5. 10 pts

  6. 8 pts

  7. 6 pts

  8. 4 pts

  9. 2 pts

  10. 1 pts

Wazen proposes that the Formula 1 style system rewards institutions that perform well in one SDG more than the current system. For example, a university with a great community connection and serves food to those in need, and does significant research into poverty reduction, is ranked high for SDG 2: Zero hunger.(opens in new tab/window) The high rank should carry more weight than a university with decent programs across the board, so their overall position is better. That is, Wazen says that high performers should get high benefits in the overall ranking system.

How can I rank in the THE Impact Rankings?

According to THE(opens in new tab/window):

  • The Impact ranking is open to any higher education institution in the world THE states that they want this ranking to be as inclusive as possible

  • It is different from the THE World University Rankings, which includes a minimum publication volume as part of the eligibility criteria — there is no minimum here

  • If an institution does not provide any data, it will not be ranked

  • If you would like to take part in the impact rankings email, 

    [email protected](opens in new tab/window)

  • There is no participation fee

A university can participate in as many or as few of the SDGs as they want. If they submit only one (or two), THE will evaluate them for a position within that SDG, but not the overall rank.

climbing ranks illustration

For eligibility for the overall rank, a university must submit data on at least three SDGs plus SDG 17. If you provide data on more than three SDGs, THE will take the top three best scores for consideration in the overall rank.

Data collection on the SDGs is challenging for an institution. While Elsevier, via Scopus data, provides the research component for each SDG, it is up to the institution to provide the rest.

In “Societal Impact, SDG Research & Universities: A conversation with Professor Aluísio Segurado of University of São Paulo(opens in new tab/window)” an episode of the Research 2030 podcast, Fernanda Gusmao of Elsevier asked Professor Aluisio Segurado, Head of Research at the University of São Paulo in Brazil:

Institutions need to provide evidence of the activities they developed that relate to SDGs. How did you gather such evidence? How many people were involved, and from which departments?

How does SDG research fit into the THE Impact Rankings Methodology?

Each SDG has a different methodology to capture the how an institution is contributing to the SDGs.Below is a summary of the methodology for each THE SDG Impact Rank. For more information on the research component for each SDG, please link to it from below.

What are the THE SDG Methodologies?

Conclusion

If you agree that understanding and analyzing SDG research is a good way to demonstrate societal impact, please follow our story to see how ScopusPure and SciVal can help.

SciVal top5 European institutions SDG2
  • Filter the researchers by their associated SDGs to find potential partners and more

Pure Portal Hector Olaloso

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References

Monk, J., Rim, S. J., & Pulford, L. (2017). Five ways universities are organising themselves to increase societal impact (Rep.). Retrieved March 4, 2021, from Social Innovation Change website.

Chankseliani, M., & McCowan, T. (2021). Higher education and the Sustainable Development Goals. Higher Education,81, 1-8. doi:doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00652-w