Microbiome, Immunity, Digestive Health and Nutrition

Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Prevention and Treatment

1st Edition - July 21, 2022
Editors: Debasis Bagchi, Bernard William Downs
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 2 3 8 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 2 3 9 - 3

Microbiome, Immunity, Digestive Health and Nutrition: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Prevention and Treatment addresses a wide range of topics related to the role of nutrition… Read more

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Microbiome, Immunity, Digestive Health and Nutrition: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Prevention and Treatment addresses a wide range of topics related to the role of nutrition in achieving and maintaining a healthy gut microbiome. Written by leading experts in the field, the book outlines the various foods, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, prebiotics, probiotics, nutritional supplements, phytochemicals and drugs that improve gut health. It specifically addresses molecular and cellular mechanisms and pathways by which these nutritional components contribute to the physiology and functionality of a healthy gut microbiome and gut health.

Intended for nutrition researchers and practitioners, food experts, gastroenterologists, nurses, general practitioners, public health officials and health professionals, this book is sure to be a welcomed resource.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Section I: Microbiome and human health: an introduction
Chapter 1. Oral microbiome: a gateway to your health
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Oral microbiome and oral disease
1.3 Oral microbiome and systemic disease
1.4 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2. Influence of microbiome in shaping the newborn immune system: an overview
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 How the microbiota shapes the development of immunity in early life
2.3 Influence of the microbiota on the development and function of specific immune cell subsets in early life
2.4 Conclusion
Author disclosure statement
References
Chapter 3. Impact of the gut microbiome on human health and diseases
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The gut as the most significant niche of the human microbiome
3.3 Physiological roles of the gut microbiome
3.4 Dysbiosis of normal flora: implications in human diseases and intervention strategies
3.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4. The gut microbiome, human nutrition, and immunity: visualizing the future
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Studying the gut microbiome and its importance
4.3 The role of the microbiome in nutrition
4.4 The role of the microbiome in immune system development
4.5 Various ways to improve our gut microbiome
4.6 Future areas of research
4.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5. Individual microbiota correction and human health: programming and reprogramming of systemic and local immune response
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Brief methodology overview
5.3 Biomarker validation: metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases
5.4 Results and discussion
5.5 Conclusion
References
Section II: Microbiome and digestive health
Chapter 6. The etiology of gut dysbiosis and its role in chronic disease
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 First things first
6.3 Diet and the gut
6.4 Short-chain fatty acids
6.5 Fasting and the gut
6.6 The effect of unhealthy diets on the gut
6.7 The benefit of healthy diets for the gut
6.8 Inflammation
6.9 Gluten
6.10 Gliadin
6.11 Leaky gut
6.12 Other irritants to the gut
6.13 A closer look into the inner tube of the gut
6.14 Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases
6.15 Unraveling the mystery of treatment
6.16 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 7. Role of the microbiome in the function and diseases of the digestive system
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microbes in gastrointestinal tract
7.3 Development of the gut flora
7.4 Physiological functions of gut microbes
7.5 Contribution of human intestinal microbes in causing diseases
7.6 Microorganism that can prevent human disease
7.7 Dietary modulation of the gut microbiota
7.8 Conclusion
References
Section III: Microbiome and metabolic syndrome
Chapter 8. The beneficial role of healthy microbiome in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular health
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome
8.3 Mechanism at the molecular level
8.4 Metabolic syndrome therapy by managing gut microbiota
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. The role of the intestinal microbiota in weight loss in overweight and obese humans
Abstract
9.1 Causes of overweight and obesity
9.2 The microbiota and obesity
9.3 The bacterial composition of the microbiota according to weight status
9.4 Effect of dietary interventions on the microbiota
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10. Role of microbial metabolites in cardiovascular and human health
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Gut microbial metabolites and cardiovascular disease
10.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Beneficial role of gut microbiome in metabolic syndrome, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Metabolic syndrome
11.3 Composition of a healthy gut microbiome
11.4 Beneficial role of a healthy microbiome in preventing metabolic syndrome
11.5 Influence of dietary components in boosting a healthy microbiome and reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome
11.6 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 12. Restoring gut biome balance for weight loss: clinical applications
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Gut microbiome resiliency
12.3 Obesogenic features of the gut microbiome
12.4 Dysbiosis as obesogenic signature
12.5 Obesogenic metabolic endotoxemia and insulin resistance
12.6 Effect of dietary components on metabolic endotoxemia
12.7 Microbial regulation of host energy balance
12.8 Western lifestyle as a menace to the gut biome
12.9 Pragmatic mitigation of western lifestyle effects on the gut biome
12.10 Eating and fasting
12.11 Physical activity versus physical inactivity
12.12 Wake-sleep circadian rhythm
12.13 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 13. Harnessing gut friendly microbiomes to combat metabolic syndrome
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Gut microbiome
13.3 Gut microbiota and metabolic disorders: mechanisms
13.4 Dysbiosis
13.5 Gut microbiome and inflammation
13.6 Future: harnessing the gut microbiota to treat metabolic disorders
13.7 Intestinal transplantation
13.8 Oral butyrate
13.9 Heat-killed probiotics
13.10 Prebiotics
13.11 Synbiotics
13.12 Postbiotics
13.13 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Chapter 14. The effect of resveratrol-mediated gut microbiota remodeling on metabolic disorders
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Gut microbiota and obesity
14.3 Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Acknowledgments
References
Section IV: Microbiome and immune health
Chapter 15. The microbiome, immunity, anaerobism, and inflammatory conditions: a multifaceted systems biology intervention
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Restoring the ideal biological environment and optimal homeostatic equilibrium
15.3 Digestion: the first step in metabolism
15.4 Antioxidant therapy: firing at the wrong target
15.5 Role of the microbiome
15.6 Epigenetic influences
15.7 Microbiome functional competence
15.8 Inflammatory events
15.9 Multifaceted systems biology intervention: conceptual overview
15.10 Microbial dysbiosis
15.11 Functions of microbial strains
15.12 Microbial restoration
15.13 Butyric acid
15.14 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 16. Preclinical data support the strong specificity and advertising ability to control the immune reactions at mucosal sites
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Microbiota detection tools
16.3 Conclusion
References
Section V: Microbiome and cognitive health
Chapter 17. Achieving dopamine homeostasis to combat brain-gut functional impairment: behavioral and neurogenetic correlates of reward deficiency syndrome
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Understanding endorphin deficiency syndrome and opioid deficiency syndrome
17.3 Understanding obesity as a hypodopaminergia
17.4 Gut-hypothalamic homeostatic energy regulation
17.5 Summary
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Influence of gut microbial flora in body’s serotonin turnover and associated diseases
Abstract
List of abbreviation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The gut microbiota
18.3 Role of the gut microbiota in maintaining the body’s normal physiological homeostasis
18.4 Influence of neurotransmitters on the gut microbiome population through the gut-brain axis
18.5 Association between the microbiome-gut-brain axis and serotonin turnover
18.6 Dysregulation in the occurrence of gut microbiota and its implications in diverse pathological conditions
18.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. The connection between diet, gut microbes, and cognitive decline
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Microbiome composition and evolution
19.3 Microbiota and brain functioning
19.4 Microbiome-gut-brain axis
19.5 Microbiome and cognitive decline
19.6 Diet and cognition
19.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20. Role of the gut microbiome in Rett syndrome
Abstract
20.1 Introduction to the gut microbiome
20.2 Diseases of the gut
20.3 The gut microbiome and Rett syndrome
20.4 Relationship between gut microbiome and Rett syndrome
20.5 Summary
References
Section VI: Microbiome, dermal health and wound healing
Chapter 21. Skin microbiota and its role in health and disease with an emphasis on wound healing and chronic wound development
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Skin structure and function
21.3 Skin microbiome diversity in different parts of the body
21.4 Microbial dysbiosis in skin-related diseases
21.5 The microbiome and cutaneous wound healing
21.6 Common techniques for surveying the skin microbiota
21.7 Manipulation of the skin microbiota to prevent or treat skin-associated ailments
21.8 Perspectives
References
Section VII: Microbiome and cancer
Chapter 22. Healthy gut microbiome in the prevention of colorectal cancer
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The gut microbiome in the progression of colorectal cancer
22.3 Factors affecting the gut microbiome
22.4 The gut microbiome in the protection against colorectal cancer
22.5 Prevention of colorectal cancer by enhancing healthy gut flora
22.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Conflict of interest
References
Section VIII: Microbiome, arthritis and multiple sclerosis
Chapter 23. Regulatory roles of the microbiome in arthritis, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Rheumatoid arthritis
23.3 Fibromyalgia
23.4 Multiple sclerosis
23.5 Discussion
23.6 Conclusion
References
Section IX: Environmental pollutants and gut microbiome
Chapter 24. Microplastic toxicity and the gut microbiome
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 History of microplastics
24.3 Microplastics pollution and the threat to habitats
24.4 Gut microbiome
24.5 Toxic effects of microplastics on human systems
24.6 Plastisphere: biofilm on microplastics
24.7 Microplastics as pathogen carriers
24.8 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Section X: Molecular and immunological mechanisms associated with healthy gut microbiome functions
Chapter 25. Role of the gut microbiome and probiotics for prevention and management of tuberculosis
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Gut-lung axis
25.3 Gut-liver axis
25.4 Gut–immune system axis
25.5 Role of the human gut microbiome in tuberculosis
25.6 Role of probiotics in tuberculosis
25.7 Role of probiotics in preventing anti-TB drug-induced adverse effects
25.8 Probiotics in the improvement of nutritional status in tuberculosis
25.9 Dose and dosage of probiotic formulations for dietary supplements
25.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26. Lactic acid bacteria–based beverages in the promotion of gastrointestinal tract health
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Lactic Acid Bacteria
26.3 LAB-derived bioactive compounds
26.4 The LAB fermentation process
26.5 Organoleptic characteristics of LAB-fermented foods
26.6 Commercial products from LAB fermented foods
26.7 Application of LAB-fermented beverages in gastrointestinal tract–related diseases
26.8 Final considerations
References
Chapter 27. Prospective role of prebiotics and probiotics in gut immunity
Abstract
27.1 Introduction
27.2 The gut microbiota and its beneficial effects
27.3 Impacts of dysbiosis
27.4 Prebiotics
27.5 Probiotics
27.6 Role of prebiotics and probiotics in immunomodulation
27.7 Additional benefits of probiotics
27.8 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 28. Gut–brain communication: a novel application of probiotics
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 The gut-brain axis: a concept
28.3 Factors regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis
28.4 Interactions within the gut-brain axis
28.5 Function of the microbiota in the gut-brain-axis
28.6 The gut-brain axis in the regulation of food intake
28.7 Behavior and the microbiota gut-brain axis
28.8 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 29. Flaxseed has a pronounced effect on gut microbiota
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Flaxseed oil prevents alcoholic liver disease by modulating the gut microbiota through its antiinflammatory property
29.3 Flaxseed oil reduces the severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating the gut microbiota via its antiinflammation effect
29.4 By altering the composition of the gut microbiota, flaxseed oil has beneficial immunological and metabolic effects
29.5 Flaxseed polysaccharide modulates the composition and structure of the gut microbiota by altering the firmicutes-bacteroidetes ratio
29.6 Flaxseed oil ameliorated polycystic ovary syndrome through the sex steroid hormone–microbiota-inflammation axis
References
Chapter 30. Role of mushroom polysaccharides in improving gut health and associated diseases
Abstract
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The gut microbiome
30.3 Mushroom polysaccharides
30.4 Proteoglycan
30.5 Prebiotic efficiency of mushroom polysaccharides
30.6 Hydrolysis of mushroom polysaccharides by intestinal bacterial enzymes
30.7 Impact of mushroom polysaccharides on the gut microbiome
30.8 Prevention of various diseases by prebiotic mushroom polysaccharides through modulation of the gut microbiota
30.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Section XI: Microbiome and immunomodulatory peptides
Chapter 31. The role of the microbiome in sports nutrition
Abstract
31.1 Introduction
31.2 The microbiome and sport
31.3 Research related to the microbiome and athletic performance
31.4 Conclusion
References
Section XII: Study design and statistical interpretation
Chapter 32. Food-derived immunomodulatory peptides: science to applications
Abstract
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Immunomodulation and immunomodulatory peptides
32.3 Mechanism of immunomodulatory peptide
32.4 Sources of some immunomodulatory peptides
32.5 Bioavailability of bioactive peptides in foods
32.6 Methods used to assay immunomodulatory activity
32.7 Clinical studies
32.8 Applications
32.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 33. Clinical intervention, study design, and statistical methodology: statistical approaches for pre-post studies
Abstract
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Pre-post design
33.3 Outcome measure
33.4 Sample data: hydroxycitric acid study
33.5 Method for analyzing the intervention effect without adjusting for the pre-value effect
33.6 Method for analyzing an intervention effect, adjusting for the effect of the pre-value: analysis of covariance
33.7 Change point regression model
References
Commentary from the Editor’s Desk
Commentary from the Editor’s Desk. A treatise on a healthy microbiome: contribution to human health and disease prevention
A.1 Microbiome terminology: the origin
A.2 Microbiota, microorganisms, and microbiome
A.3 Microbiome: human health and disease pathology
A.4 Microbiome and metabolic syndrome
A.5 Microbiome and obesity
A.6 Microbiome and diabetes
A.7 Microbiome and cancer
A.8 Microbiome, brain health, and advancing age
A.9 Summary and conclusions
Index

Debasis Bagchi

Debasis Bagchi, PhD, MACN, CNS, MAIChE, received his Ph.D. in Medicinal Chemistry in 1982. He is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, and Chief Scientific Officer at Cepham Research Center, Piscataway, NJ, Adjunct Faculty in Texas Southern University, Houston, TX. He served as the Senior Vice President of Research & Development of InterHealth Nutraceuticals Inc, Benicia, CA, from 1998 until Feb 2011, and then as Director of Innovation and Clinical Affairs, of Iovate Health Sciences, Oakville, ON, until June 2013. Dr. Bagchi received the Master of American College of Nutrition Award in October 2010. He is the Past Chairman of International Society of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (ISNFF), Past President of American College of Nutrition, Clearwater, FL, and Past Chair of the Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Division of Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), Chicago, IL. He is serving as a Distinguished Advisor on the Japanese Institute for Health Food Standards (JIHFS), Tokyo, Japan. Dr. Bagchi is a Member of the Study Section and Peer Review Committee of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD. He has published 321 papers in peer reviewed journals, 30 books, and 18 patents. Dr. Bagchi is also a Member of the Society of Toxicology, Member of the New York Academy of Sciences, Fellow of the Nutrition Research Academy, and Member of the TCE stakeholder Committee of the Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH. He is also Associate Editor for the Journal of Functional Foods, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, and the Archives of Medical and Biomedical Research, and is also serving as Editorial Board Member of numerous peer reviewed journals, including Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Cancer Letters, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, and The Original Internist, among others.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, USA; Chief Scientific Officer, Cepham Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey; Adjunct Faculty, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA

Bernard William Downs

Bernard William (Bill) Downs received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1975 from Pennsylvania State University. Downs simultaneously pursued his master’s degree and Ph.D. in Nutrition and Biochemistry at Immaculata University in Immaculata, PA; advanced degree not completed. He became Director of Therapeutic Nutrition for Morrison Family and Sports Medicine, Huntingdon Valley, PA from 1990 till 1996. Downs served as the Director of Technical Sales for InterHealth Nutraceuticals Inc., Benicia, CA from 1990 till 2003. He was the Director of Research and Development for Allied Nutraceutical Research, Blue Bell, PA, from 2003 till 2008. Downs served as the CEO of LifeGen Research from 2009 till 2013, Lederach, PA. Downs is Founder and CEO of Victory Nutrition International, Inc., a Research & Development Biotech Company, Lederach, PA. Downs is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American College of Nutrition, and past member of the NY Academy of Sciences. He is on the editorial review board of the Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Downs has authored or co-authored 105 papers published in peer-reviewed journals, numerous chapters in texts and handbooks for clinicians and researchers, with patents-pending in nutraceutical biotechnology. Research publications have been on issues ranging from immunity, anemia and metabolic disorders to addictions, obsessions, compulsions, and personality disorders, among other Reward Deficiency Syndrome conditions.

Affiliations and expertise

Founder, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Lederach, Pennsylvania; CEO,Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Lederach, Pennsylvania, USA