Elementary Medical Biophysics

ForewordIntroductionSection I — Basic Principles Chapter 1 — Graphical and Mathematical Representation of Scientific Problems Introduction Straight Line Limitations of Physical Laws Hyperbola Parabola Inverse Square Equation Equations with more than Two Variables Chapter 2 — Units Introduction The SI Units Derived Units of the SI Multiples and Submultiples of the SI Units Conversion of Subunits Rules for the Usage and Writing of the SI System Calibration Errors in Measurement Measurement of Temperature Chapter 3 — Forces Introduction Gravitational Force Centrifugal Force Equilibrium Between the Gravitational Force and the Centrifugal Force Electrical Forces Magnetic Forces Forces Caused by Differences in Chemical Concentration Chemotactic Forces Frictional Forces Resultant Forces Work, Energy and PowerSection II — Electricity Chapter 4 — The Origin of Electricity and the Flow of Electricity in Conductors Introduction Atoms and Molecules Ions Isotopes Free Electrons in a Metal 'Flow' of Electrons Electromotive Force Opposing Electrical Force Electrical Current Intensity and Resistance Resultant Resistance The Flow of Electricity through Liquids Movement of Ions in Liquids Equipotential Lines and Surfaces Chapter 5 — Production of Electricity in Electrical and Living Cells Introduction Production of Electricity in an Electrical Cell Production of Electricity by the Living Cells of the Body — Resting Membrane Potential Action Potential Transmission of the Action Potential Along Nerves Resultant Dipoles in Different Tissues The Electrical Activity of the Heart Chapter 6 — Variation and Measurement of Electrical Currents Introduction Capacitors Time Constant Electromagnetism Production of an Alternating Current Semiconductors The Oscilloscope Chapter 7 — Bio-Electronic Equipment Introduction Classification of Bio-Electronic Apparatus on the Basis of Functional Principles Input Devices Output Devices Electrical Pacemakers and Defibrillators Compound Apparatus Synchronised Pacemaker and DefibrillatorSection III — Liquids Gases and Heat Chapter 8 — Common Properties of Liquids, Gases and Heat Introduction States of Matter The Flow of Fluids and of Heat Application of the Laws of Flow to the Human Body Pressures in Fluids Caused by Gravitational Forces Measurement of Pressures Chapter 9 — Gases and Respiration Introduction Pressures Caused by Intermolecular Forces Principles of Pulmonary Function Partial Gas Pressures and the Exchange of Gases Between the Lungs and the Blood Artificial Respirators Chapter 10 — Liquids and the Circulatory System Introduction 'Hydromotive Force' The Heart as a Pump Heart Valves Chapter 11 — Fluid Mixtures Introduction Solutions Other Mixtures Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Exchange of Fluids Between the Capillaries and the Tissues Active Transport Principles of Kidney Function Dialysis and the Artificial Kidney Chapter 12 — Heat and the Regulation of Body Temperature Introduction Quantity of Heat and Temperature The Production of Heat Heat Loss Regulation of Body Temperature DiathermySection IV — Rays and Waves Chapter 13 — Electromagnetic Radiation Introduction General Aspects Heat Waves Light Waves Ultraviolet Radiation X-rays Radio Waves Gamma Radiation Lasers Chapter 14 — Light and Sight Introduction Laws of Light Lenses Optical Apparatus The Eye Faulty Image Formation in the Eye Chapter 15 — Radioactivity Introduction Principles of Radioactivity Diagnostic Uses of Radioactivity Therapeutic Uses of Radioactivity Precautions Concerning the Use of Radioactive Isotopes Chapter 16 — Sound and Hearing Introduction Properties of Sound Production of Sound Perception of Sound by the Ear Hearing Abnormalities Sound Amplifiers UltrasonicsSection V — Mechanics Chapter 17 — Machines Introduction Simple Machines of the Body Levers Pulleys Body MechanicsAppendix A: The Elements and their SymbolsAppendix B: Examples of Examination Questions