Wood as an Energy Resource

Preface1 A History of Trends Associated with Wood Fuel Utilization I Introduction II Early Use of Fuel Wood in Asia Minor and Europe III Wood as a Fuel in the United States A The United States in 1800 B The U.S. Economy, 1800-1850 C The Period of Transition, 1850-1870 D The Period of Industrial Development, 1870-1920 E The Period of Advanced Industrialization, 1920-1960 IV International Use of Fuel Wood in the Twentieth Century V The Forces of History References2 The Present Use of Wood as a Fuel I Introduction II Utilization of Wood Fuels in 1976 A The Forest Products Industries B Other Industrial Users of Wood Fuels C Residential Fuel Wood Utilization D Aggregate 1976 Wood Fuels Consumption III Analysis of Current U.S. Utilization Patterns A Recent Trends Underlying U.S. Wood Fuel Utilization B A Comparison between the Use of Wood and Other Fuels in the U.S. IV The Present Use of Wood in Other Countries V Implications for the Future of Wood Fuels in the U.S. References3 The Value of Wood as a Fuel I Introduction II Wood as a Combustible Fuel A Wood Composition and Heating Value B A Comparison of the Heating Value of Wood to Other Combustible Fuels III Other Elements and Compounds A Potential Pollutants Analysis B Moisture Analysis IV Conclusion: Total Comparative Fuels Discussion References4 The Supply and Delivery of Wood Fuels I Introduction II Extraction of Wood for Fuel III The Transportation of Wood Fuel IV Wood Combustion Systems A Basic Combustion System Descriptions B Combustion Efficiency of Wood Fuels V Conversion of Wood to Alternative Fuel Forms A Pyrolysis B Gasification C Liquefaction D Comparative Conversion Efficiencies VI Overall Supply-Delivery Efficiency The Application of Trajectory Analysis VII Conclusions References5 The Deployment of Advanced Wood Combustion and Conversion Systems I Introduction II Co-Combustion and Co-Conversion A Wood Plus Coal Systems B Wood Plus Waste Systems III Co-Generation Systems A U.S. and European Co-Generation Practices B The Potential for Co-Generation with Wood Fuels C Systems Available for Co-Generation D The Deployment of Co-Generation Systems IV The Impact of Advanced Deployment Systems References6 The Resource Base for Wood Fuel I Introduction A Traditional Fuel Resource Analysis B Resource and Reserve Analysis Applied to Wood Fuel C Calculating Fuel Wood Reserves II The Present Wood Resource Base III The Demands Projected for the Forest Resource Base A The Demand for Harvested Wood B Other Demands for the Forest Resource IV Resource Renewability: Increasing Tree Production through More Intensive Forestry A Site Clearing and Immediate Reforestation B Conversion of Stands to Faster Growing Species C Site Drainage D Fertilization E Thinning F Protection of Existing Stands G Combined Impacts V Conclusions References7 The Potential Supplies of Wood Fuel I Introduction II Wood Residues as Reserves A Wood Residue Generation B Wood Residue Availability C Competition for and Uses of Those Wood Residues D Wood Residues Available for Energy Purposes III Wood Fuel Farms or Plantations A Minimum Operating Conditions B The Energy Farm Assessment IV Conclusions References8 The Future Uses of Wood Fuels I Introduction A A Summary of Wood Fuel Perspectives B The Technique for Projecting the Future Role and Position of Wood II The Demand for Energy in the U.S. III The Use of Wood Fuels to the Year 2000 A Product Output in the Forest Products Industries B Estimates of Wood Fuel Use C Supply-Consumption Balances IV The Position and Role of Wood Fuels A The Position of Forest Fuels B The Role of Wood Fuels C The Position and Role of Wood Fuels in Other Nations V Conclusion ReferencesAppendix: Units of Measure I Introduction II Conversion Factors A English-Metric Conversions B Fuel Conversions C Wood ConversionsIndex