Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops

1st Edition - September 15, 2023
Editor: L. P. Awasthi
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 8 9 9 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 9 0 0 - 6

Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops details the fundamental and applied aspects of the viral diseases of field and horticultural crops. The book opens with a histor… Read more

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Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops details the fundamental and applied aspects of the viral diseases of field and horticultural crops. The book opens with a historical introduction to plant virology, important plant virologists, and landmarks. It continues with systematic coverage of viral diseases, their economic significance, disease symptoms, host range, mode of transmission, diagnostic techniques, geographic distribution, epidemiology, yield losses, and control and management of the disease. Contributions from an international group of virologists with a wide range of academic, research, professional, and specialized backgrounds in plant virology makes Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops a comprehensive and must-have resource for those engaged in the study and research of plant virology, microbiology, and plant pathology particularly viral diseases and their impact on field and horticultural crops.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the author
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I. Introduction to plant virology
Chapter 1. Important landmarks in the history of plant virology
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Tulipomania
1.3. A golden age for plant virology
1.4. Tools for the use and control of plant viruses
1.5. Conclusion
Section II. Viral diseases of field and horticultural crops
Chapter 2. Viral diseases of field and horticultural crops
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Field crops
2.3. Horticulture crops
2.4. Management of viral disease
2.5. Conclusion
Section III. Viral diseases of field crops
Economic significance of viruses in field crops
Chapter 3. Economic significance of viruses in field crops
3.1. Introduction
Viral diseases of Cereals
Chapter 4. Wheat
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Insect-transmitted viruses
4.3. Soil-borne viruses
4.4. Mite-transmitted viruses
4.5. Management of viral diseases
4.6. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Emerging and re-emerging viruses of wheat: current status and future challenges
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases in wheat
5.3. Conclusion
Chapter 6. Barley
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Viral diseases of barley
6.3. Other viruses
6.4. Conclusions
Chapter 7. Oats
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Viruses of oat crop
7.3. Purification and diagnosis
7.4. Control/management of oats diseases
7.5. Conclusion
Chapter 8. Viral Diseases of Rice Crops in Colombia - Latin America
Sub chapter 8.1. Hoja Blanca (RHB): Most important viral disease in Latin America
Sub chapter 8.2. Rice stripe necrosis virus: Potential viral disease in Latin America
Chapter 9. Rice tungro disease
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Causal agents and symptoms
9.3. RTD dynamics
9.4. Effects of environmental factors
9.5. Epidemiological basis of RTD management
9.6. Integrated RTD management
9.7. Future prospects
9.8. Conclusions
Chapter 10. Maize
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Viruses of maize crop
10.3. Purification
10.4. Particle morphology of the causal virus
10.5. Geographical distribution, epidemiology, yield losses
10.6. Diagnostic techniques
10.7. Management of disease
10.8. Conclusions
Chapter 11. Sorghum
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Viruses and their vectors
11.3. Transmission
11.4. Symptomatology
11.5. Epidemiology
11.6. Economic importance
11.7. Geographical distribution
11.8. Diagnosis
11.9. Management
11.10. Conclusion
Chapter 12. Millets
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Ragi severe mosaic disease
12.3. Ragi mottle streak
12.4. Ragi streak disease
12.5. Black-streaked dwarf disease
12.6. Mosaic disease
12.7. Management strategies
12.8. Future thrusts
Viral diseases of legumes/Pulses
Chapter 13. Black gram/green gram
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Economic significance
13.3. Disease symptoms
13.4. Host range
13.5. Transmission
13.6. Geographic distribution
13.7. Diagnostic techniques
13.8. Management of diseases
13.9. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Chick pea, Lentil
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Characteristic disease symptoms
14.3. Causative viruses
14.4. Diagnostic techniques
14.5. Disease management
14.6. Conclusions
Chapter 15. Cowpea
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Viral diseases of cowpea
15.3. Conclusions
Chapter 16. Faba bean (Broad bean)
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Viral diseases of faba bean
16.3. Necrosis, yellowing, and stunting caused by viruses
16.4. Mosaic and mottling viral diseases
16.5. Bean yellow mosaic virus
16.6. Other viruses
16.7. Economic importance
16.8. Conclusion
Chapter 17. Pigeon Pea
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Virus diseases of pigeon pea
17.3. Conclusion
Chapter 18. Soybean
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Taxonomic position, particle morphology, and genomic organization
18.3. Economic significance, geographic distribution, transmission, epidemiology, and yield losses
18.4. Disease symptoms in soybean
18.5. Diagnostic techniques, control, and management of diseases
18.6. Conclusion
Viral diseases of oilseeds
Chapter 19. Mustard
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Economic significance of the virus
19.3. Disease symptoms
19.4. Host range
19.5. Transmission
19.6. Purification
19.7. Diagnostic techniques
19.8. Particle morphology of the casual virus
19.9. Taxonomic position and nucleotide sequence
19.10. Geographic distribution, epidemiology, yield losses
19.11. Management of the disease
19.12. Conclusion
Chapter 20. Ground nut (Peanut)
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Viral diseases of groundnut
20.3. Peanut mottle potyvirus
20.4. Groundnut rosette virus— (assistor virus)
20.5. Peanut stripe potyvirus
20.6. Peanut clump virus disease
20.7. Cucumber mosaic virus disease (peanut yellow mosaic)
20.8. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Sunflower
21.1. Sunflower necrosis disease
21.2. Sunflower mosaic
21.3. Sunflower chlorotic mottle
21.4. Sunflower chlorotic patterns disease
21.5. Sunflower leaf curl virus disease
21.6. Other viruses and viral diseases affecting sunflower
21.7. Conclusions
Chapter 22. Flax (Linseed)
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Important viral disease of flax
Chapter 23. Castor bean
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Cotton leaf curl burewala virus
23.3. Cucumber mosaic virus
23.4. Olive latent virus 2
23.5. Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
23.6. Conclusions
Viral diseases of cash crops
Chapter 24. Sugarcane
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Main viruses of sugarcane
24.3. Other viral sugarcane diseases
24.4. Current status of breeding for virus resistance in sugarcane
24.5. Conclusions
Chapter 25. Tobacco
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Major tobacco viruses
25.3. Other viruses
25.4. Purification, detection, and diagnosis
25.5. Viral diseases control
25.6. Conclusion
Chapter 26. Commercial bast fibre crops
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Commercial bast fibre crops
26.3. Conclusion
Chapter 27. Cotton
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Begomoviruses causing diseases of cotton
27.3. Poleroviruses causing diseases of cotton
27.4. Ilarvirus causing disease in cotton
27.5. Nepovirus causing disease in cotton
27.6. Conclusions
Chapter 28. Opium poppy
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Chemical composition of opium poppy latex
28.3. Viral diseases affecting the poppy
28.4. Alterations in histopathology and metabolome of poppy in response to AEV
28.5. Alterations in alkaloids contents of poppy due to AEV infection
28.6. Conclusion
Chapter 29. Hemp
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Descriptions of viruses
29.3. Conclusion
Viral diseases of plantation crops
Chapter 30. Coconut, areca nut
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Coconut
30.3. Areca nut
30.4. Conclusions
Chapter 31. Cacao and Kola
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Economic importance of CSSV
31.3. Origin and distribution of cocoa swollen shoot disease
31.4. Symptoms displayed by CSSV infected cocoa
31.5. Implication of viral diseases on Cola species
31.6. Detection of CSSV
31.7. Transmission of CSSV
31.8. Alternate (wild) hosts for CSSV
31.9. Management of cocoa swollen shoot disease
31.10. Summary and recommendations
31.11. Conclusion
Chapter 32. Vanilla
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Vanilla cultivation and economic importance
32.3. Viral diseases of vanilla
32.4. Management and control of viral diseases
32.5. Conclusion
Chapter 33. Coffee
33.1. Introduction
33.2. The causative agent of coffee ringspot disease
33.3. Economic significance losses caused by the coffee ringspot virus
33.4. Disease symptoms induced by coffee ringspot virus in coffee and in experimental host
33.5. Coffee ringspot virus natural and experimental host
33.6. Brevipalpus: the coffee ringspot virus natural vector and disease diagnostic techniques
33.7. Geographic distribution and chronological order of detection in Brazil
33.8. Distribution and disease incidence in coffee fields
33.9. Preventive management of the disease by chemical control of the vector
33.10. Conclusions
Chapter 34. Tea
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Tea plant necrotic ring blotch virus
34.3. Tea plant line pattern virus
Chapter 35. Olives
35.1. Introduction
35.2. Diseased olive plants from which no causal agent has been identified (virus like diseases)
35.3. Olive plants showing vegetative disorders associated with infection by a virus
35.4. Viruses of olive trees
35.5. Detection of olive viruses
35.6. Control of olive viruses
35.7. Conclusions
Chapter 36. Rubber
36.1. Introduction
36.2. Viruses and subviral agents infecting rubber tree
36.3. Conclusion
Viral diseases of spices and condiments
Chapter 37. Spices and condiments
37.1. Introduction
37.2. Basil (Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum) (family: Lamiaceae)
37.3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) (family: Piperaceae)
37.4. Cappers (Capparis spinosa) (family: Capparaceae)
37.5. Caraway (Carum carvi L.) (family: Apiaceae)
37.6. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) (family: Zingiberaceae)
37.7. Celery (Apium graveolens) (family: Apiaceae)
37.8. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (family: Umbellifereae)
37.9. Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii) (family: Rutaceae)
37.10. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (family: Zingiberaceae)
37.11. Horseradish (Cochlearia armoracia L.) (family: Cruciferae)
37.12. Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum) (family: Zingiberaceae)
37.13. Long pepper (Piper longum) (family: Piperaceae)
37.14. Paprika (Capsicum annuum) (family: Solanaceae)
37.15. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) (family: Umbelliferae)
37.16. Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) (family: Orchidaceae)
37.17. Management of viral diseases of spice crops
Viral diseases of forage crops
Chapter 38. Alfalfa
38.1. Introduction
38.2. Alfalfa origins and properties
38.3. Major viral diseases of alfalfa
38.4. Conclusions
Chapter 39. Alsike clover (white, red)
39.1. Introduction
39.2. Clover yellow vein virus
39.3. Clover yellow mosaic virus
39.4. Subterranean clover stunt virus
39.5. Alfalfa mosaic virus
39.6. Subterranean clover mottle virus
39.7. White clover mosaic virus
39.8. Conclusion
Section IV. Viral diseases of vegetables/horticultural crops
Economic significance of viruses in horticultural crops
Chapter 40. Economic significance of viruses in horticultural crops
40.1. Introduction
40.2. Fruit trees
40.3. Banana
40.4. Citrus
40.5. Grapevine
40.6. Papaya
40.7. Vegetable
40.8. Conclusion
Viral diseases of vegetables
Chapter 41. Potato virus Y
41.1. Introduction
41.2. Potato virus Y
41.3. Distribution
41.4. Symptoms
41.5. Host range
41.6. Strains
41.7. Transmission
41.8. Diagnosis
41.9. Properties of virus particles
41.10. Genomic properties
41.11. Evolution
41.12. Management
41.13. Conclusions
Chapter 42. Potato
42.1. Potato virus A
42.2. Potato virus M
42.3. Potato virus S
42.4. Potato virus X
42.5. Yellow dwarf virus
Chapter 43. Tomato
43.1. Introduction
43.2. Tomato spotted wilt virus
43.3. Tomato mosaic virus
43.4. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus
43.5. Pepino mosaic virus
43.6. Conclusions
Chapter 44. Emergence, diversity, and epidemiological prospects of viruses infecting tomato crops
44.1. Introduction
44.2. RNA viruses infecting tomato
44.3. DNA viruses infecting tomato
44.4. Conclusions
Chapter 45. Viroid diseases of tomato
45.1. Viroids and viroid diseases
45.2. Viroids infecting tomato
45.3. Viroid diseases in tomato
45.4. Diagnosis and control of viroid diseases in tomato
45.5. Conclusions
Chapter 46. Brinjal (Eggplant)
46.1. Introduction
46.2. Viral disease of eggplant
46.3. Conclusions
Chapter 47. Chilli
47.1. Introduction
47.2. Viral diseases of chilli
47.3. Conclusion
Chapter 48. Bell pepper
48.1. Introduction
48.2. Nonpersistent aphid transmission
48.3. Persistent circulative transmission–aphid
48.4. Persistent circulative transmission–whitefly
48.5. Persistent circulative transmission–leafhopper
48.6. Persistent propagative transmission–thrips
48.7. Sap/mechanical transmission
48.8. Conclusions
Chapter 49. Cucurbitaceous vegetables-I
49.1. Introduction
49.2. Cucurbit viruses
49.3. Virus disease symptoms
49.4. Distribution of cucurbit viruses and their yield losses
49.5. Host range
49.6. Transmission
49.7. Structure of cucurbit viruses
49.8. Diagnosis of cucurbit viruses
49.9. Control of cucurbit virus diseases
49.10. Conclusions
Chapter 50. Cucurbitaceous vegetables-II
50.1. Introduction
50.2. Mosaic diseases
50.3. Cucumber green mottle mosaic
50.4. Squash leaf curl
50.5. Chlorotic curly stunt
50.6. Yellow mosaic and yellow vein mosaic
50.7. Beet pseudo-yellows
50.8. Tobacco ringspot
50.9. Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows
50.10. Melon yellow spot
50.11. Conclusion
Chapter 51. Broccoli, Cabbage and Cauliflower
51.1. Broccoli
51.2. Cabbage
51.3. Cauliflower
51.4. Conclusions
Chapter 52. Radish and Turnip
52.1. Introduction
52.2. Viral diseases of radish
52.3. Viral diseases of turnip
52.4. Conclusions
Chapter 53. Parsnip
53.1. Introduction
53.2. Parsnip viruses
53.3. Conclusions
Chapter 54. Legume vegetables
54.1. Introduction
54.2. Viruses infecting major legumes
54.3. Sources of legume viruses
54.4. Conclusions
Chapter 55. Poleroviruses in vegetable legumes
55.1. Introduction
55.2. Taxonomic position and particle description
55.3. Economic significance and yield losses associated with polerovirus infection in vegetable legumes
55.4. Geographical distribution and epidemiology
55.5. Host range, disease symptoms and transmission
55.6. Genetic diversity of poleroviruses
55.7. Disease management
55.8. Conclusions
Chapter 56. Okra (Lady's finger)
56.1. Introduction
56.2. Origin
56.3. Uses
56.4. Pest and diseases in okra
56.5. Viral diseases in okra
56.6. Strategies for managing viral diseases
56.7. Conclusion
Chapter 57. Sugar beet
57.1. Introduction
57.2. Soil-borne viruses
57.3. Arthropod transmitted (mechanical transmission)
57.4. Cryptic viruses
57.5. Conclusions
Chapter 58. Spinach
58.1. Introduction
58.2. Alphabetical list of spinach virus species
58.3. Alphabetical list of spinach virus families
58.4. Alphabetical list of several spinach virus diseases (Koike, 2015a)
58.5. Spinach virus diseases (viruses)
58.6. Conclusions
Chapter 59. Carrot
59.1. Introduction
59.2. Carrot motley dwarf disease
59.3. Carrot red leaf virus
59.4. Carrot red leaf virus–associated RNA
59.5. Carrot mottle virus
59.6. Carrot mottle mimic virus
59.7. Carrot yellow leaf virus
59.8. Carrot virus Y
59.9. Carrot thin leaf virus
59.10. Carrot torradovirus 1
59.11. Parsnip yellow fleck virus
59.12. Cucumber mosaic virus
59.13. Control of carrot viruses
Chapter 60. Onion and Garlic
60.1. Introduction
60.2. Diversity of viruses infecting Allium hosts
60.3. Potyviruses
60.4. Orthotospoviruses
60.5. Allexiviruses
60.6. Carlaviruses
60.7. Geographical spread of harmful viruses of Allium crops
60.8. Control of the spread of viral infections of Allium crops
60.9. Conclusions
Chapter 61. Artichoke
61.1. Introduction
61.2. Economic significance of the virus diseases
61.3. Geographic distribution
61.4. Transmission and host range
61.5. Disease symptoms
61.6. Morphology, genome organization and taxonomy
61.7. Diagnostic techniques
61.8. Control/management of the disease
61.9. Conclusions
Chapter 62. Asparagus
62.1. Introduction
62.2. Viruses infecting asparagus
62.3. Detection methods
62.4. Control
62.5. Conclusions
Chapter 63. Lettuce
63.1. Introduction
63.2. Lettuce mosaic virus
63.3. Lettuce necrotic yellows virus
63.4. Lettuce big vein disease; lettuce big vein–associated virus, and mirafiori lettuce big vein virus
63.5. Tomato spotted wilt virus
63.6. Cucumber mosaic virus
63.7. Conclusions
Chapter 64. Tuber crops: Sweet potatoes
64.1. Introduction
64.2. Sweet potato feathery mottle virus
64.3. Sweet potato mild mottle virus
64.4. Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus
64.5. Sweet potato leaf curl virus
64.6. Conclusion
Chapter 65. Cassava
65.1. Introduction
65.2. Economic significance of cassava viruses
65.3. Viral diseases of cassava
65.4. Host range
65.5. Transmission
65.6. Diagnostic techniques
65.7. Particle morphology of the causal virus
65.8. Taxonomic position and nucleotide sequence
65.9. Geographic distribution
65.10. Control/management of the disease
65.11. Conclusions
Chapter 66. Aroids (Colocasia and Xanthosoma)
66.1. Introduction
66.2. Dasheen mosaic virus
66.3. Taro bacilliform virus and Taro bacilliform CH virus
66.4. Colocasia bobone disease–associated cytorhabdovirus and taro vein chlorosis alphanucleorhabdovirus
66.5. Calla lily chlorotic spot orthotospovirus
66.6. Cucumber mosaic virus and Alfalfa mosaic virus
66.7. Conclusions
Viral diseases of Horticultural crops/fruits trees
Chapter 67. Viral diseases of tropical fruits
67.1. Introduction
67.2. Tropical fruits and their viruses
67.3. Conclusion
Chapter 68. Papaya—I
68.1. Introduction
68.2. Papaya diseases
68.3. Papaya mosaic disease
68.4. Papaya leaf distortion disease
68.5. Papaya apical necrosis disease
68.6. Papaya leaf curl disease
68.7. Papaya virus diagnosis
68.8. Other viruses infecting papaya
68.9. Conclusions
Chapter 69. Papaya—II
69.1. Introduction
69.2. Papaya ringspot virus
69.3. Papaya meleira virus
69.4. Papaya letal yellowing virus
69.5. Tomato spotted wilt virus
69.6. Other viruses
69.7. Conclusion
Chapter 70. Banana
70.1. Introduction
70.2. Viral diseases of banana
70.3. Conclusion
Chapter 71. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV)
71.1. Introduction
71.2. Etiology
71.3. Geographic distribution
71.4. Host range
71.5. Disease symptoms
71.6. Field transmission by vector
71.7. Epidemiology
71.8. Economic significance
71.9. Diagnostic techniques
71.10. Control/Management of BBTD
71.11. Conclusion
Chapter 72. Mechanisms of transmission of the Banana streak virus by Paracoccus burnerae
72.1. Introduction
72.2. Experiments on transmission mechanisms
72.3. Findings and discussion
72.4. Conclusion
Chapter 73. Citrus
73.1. Introduction
73.2. Virus diseases with a known etiology
73.3. Graft transmissible diseases of citrus, but etiology uncertain
73.4. Conclusions
Chapter 74. Passion fruit
74.1. Introduction
74.2. Viral diseases
74.3. Diagnostic methods
74.4. Control of passion fruit viruses
74.5. Conclusion
Chapter 75. Pomegranate
75.1. Introduction
75.2. Taxonomic position and nucleotide sequence
75.3. Economic significance
75.4. Disease symptoms
75.5. Host range
75.6. Transmission
75.7. Purification
75.8. Diagnostic techniques
75.9. Particle morphology of the causal virus
75.10. Geographic distribution, epidemiology, and yield losses
75.11. Control/management of the disease
75.12. Conclusions
Chapter 76. Fig
76.1. Introduction
76.2. Fig mosaic emaravirus
76.3. Fig leaf mottle-associated viruses
76.4. Arkansas fig closteroviruses
76.5. Fig latent virus-1
76.6. Fig mild mottle-associated virus
76.7. Fig cryptic virus
76.8. Fig fleck-associated virus
76.9. Fig badnavirus-1
76.10. Conclusion
Chapter 77. Kiwifruit
77.1. Introduction
77.2. Description of viruses
77.3. Conclusions
Chapter 78. Mulberry
78.1. Introduction
78.2. Viruses infecting mulberry plants
78.3. Conclusion
Chapter 79. Temperate fruits-I Tree fruits (apple, pear, quince, loquat)
79.1. Introduction
79.2. Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus
79.3. Apple mosaic virus
79.4. Apple stem grooving virus
79.5. Tomato ringspot virus
79.6. Apple stem pitting virus
79.7. Conclusion
Chapter 80. Temperate fruits-II Tree fruits (apricot, peach, plum)
80.1. Introduction
80.2. Stone viruses and linked diseases
80.3. Conclusions
Chapter 81. Temperate fruits-III Nut trees
81.1. Introduction
81.2. Almond
81.3. Hazelnut
81.4. Walnut
81.5. Pecan
81.6. Chestnut (Castanea spp.)
81.7. Conclusion
Chapter 82. Temperate fruits IV Vine fruits / Grapevine
82.1. Introduction and economic significance
82.2. Epidemiology of economically important viral diseases
82.3. Diagnostic methods
82.4. Control and management of viral diseases
82.5. Conclusion
Chapter 83. Temperate fruits V Small fruits /soft fruits
83.1. Introduction
83.2. Fragaria (strawberry)
83.3. Vaccinium (blueberry and cranberry)
83.4. Ribes (gooseberry and black and red currants)
83.5. Rubus (raspberry and blackberry)
83.6. Conclusions
Chapter 84. Viral diseases of vegetables and fruits in Egypt: a critical review
84.1. Introduction
84.2. Common foodborne viruses
84.3. Global burden of foodborne viral diseases
84.4. Implication of egyptian foods in enteric virus illnesses
84.5. Methods of detection
84.6. Persistence and resilience of foodborne viruses
84.7. Inactivation of foodborne viruses
84.8. Conclusion
Chapter 85. Characterization of viruses infecting rose
85.1. Viruses infecting rose
Chapter 86. Rose
86.1. Introduction
86.2. Rose mosaic disease
86.3. Rose rosette disease
86.4. Rose spring dwarf disease
86.5. Other rose viruses
86.6. Conclusions
Chapter 87. Common and emerging viral pathogens of annual ornamental plants
87.1. Global trade in herbaceous ornamental crops
87.2. Common viral pathogens
87.3. Conclusions (emerging viruses and their detection)
Chapter 88. Viral diseases of ornamental plants-I
88.1. Introduction
88.2. China rose
88.3. Croton
88.4. Dahlia
88.5. Gladiolus
88.6. Marigold
88.7. Narcissus
88.8. Tulip
88.9. Conclusion
Chapter 89. Viral diseases of ornamental plants-II
89.1. Introduction
89.2. Viral diseases of ornamental plants
89.3. Frangipani (Plumeria alba)
89.4. China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
89.5. Salvia
89.6. Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa)
89.7. Verbena
89.8. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
89.9. Oleander (Nerium oleander)
89.10. Waxflower (Hoya calycina schlecter)
89.11. Cestrum nocturnum L.—Night jasmine
89.12. Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)
89.13. Conclusion
Chapter 90. Viral diseases of ornamental plants-III
90.1. Introduction
90.2. Viral diseases of ornamental plants
90.3. Conclusion
Viral diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants
Chapter 91. Medicinal and aromatic plants-I
91.1. Introduction
91.2. Description of major viruses associated with the aforementioned MAPs
91.3. Management
91.4. Conclusions
Chapter 92. Medicinal and aromatic plants - II
92.1. Introduction
92.2. Viral diseases of medicinal and plants
92.3. Conclusions
Section V. Viral diseases of orchids
Chapter 93. Orchids
93.1. Introduction
93.2. Cymbidium mosaic virus
93.3. Odontoglossum ringspot virus
93.4. Vanilla necrosis virus
93.5. Groundnut bud necrosis virus
93.6. Cucumber mosaic virus
93.7. Vanilla mosaic virus
93.8. Conclusions
Section VI. Viral diseases of flowering and nonflowering trees
Chapter 94. Forest trees
94.1. Introduction
94.2. Economic significance
94.3. Viruses infecting forest trees
94.4. Viruses epidemiology in forest ecosystem
94.5. Disease losses
94.6. Control
94.7. Conclusion
Section VII. Viral diseases of weeds (Alternate hosts of viruses)
Chapter 95. The importance of weeds as reservoirs of viruses of field and horticultural crops
95.1. Introduction
95.2. Weeds as virus reservoirs
95.3. Weeds as insect vector reservoirs
95.4. Cucumber mosaic virus and weed host
95.5. Tomato spotted wilt virus and weed host
95.6. Conclusion
Section VIII. Plant viruses’ applications in nanotechnology
Chapter 96. Application of plant viruses in nanotechnology
96.1. Introduction
96.2. Architecture of viral capsid proteins
96.3. Viral capsid as a suitable platform for functional modification
96.4. Plant viruses as drug delivery cargo
96.5. Role in imaging and diagnostics
96.6. Use in vaccine development and immunotherapy
96.7. Conclusions
Section IX. Food borne viral disease
Chapter 97. Foodborne viral disease: the role of fruits and vegetable in the transmission of viruses to human
97.1. Introduction
97.2. Detection methods for viruses in foods
97.3. Common foods associated with viral outbreaks
97.4. Routs of disease spread
97.5. Persistence and resilience of foodborne viruses
97.6. Conclusion
Section X. Molecular tools for detection of plant viruses
Chapter 98. Molecular tools for the detection of plant viruses
98.1. Introduction
98.2. Reverse transcription
98.3. Polymerase chain reaction
98.4. Real-time PCR
98.5. Digital PCR
98.6. Next-generation sequencing
98.7. Conclusion
Chapter 99. Emergence of companies in the development of technology for detecting plant viruses
99.1. Historical perspective
99.2. The appearance of companies
99.3. How have the companies been useful?
99.4. The importance of true negative results
99.5. What technology was developed or improved?
99.6. Technology using nucleic acid probes
99.7. Conclusions
Index

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L. P. Awasthi