Trace Elements in Coal

PrefaceList of Abbreviations1 Introduction 1.1 Relevant Books and Reviews 1.2 Background Information on Coal Areas 1.3 Geochemical Cycling2 Origin of Trace Elements in Coal 2.1 The Formation of Peat 2.2 Geological and Geochemical Aspects of Coal Seams 2.3 Geology of Australian Coals 2.4 Coal Mining in Australia 2.5 The constitution of Coal 2.6 The History of Trace Elements in Coal3 Mode of Occurrence of Trace Elements in Coal 3.1 Trace Element-Organic Matter Associations 3.2 Methods for Determining the Total Amount of Mineral Matter 3.3 The Identification of Minerals in Coal 3.4 Trace Element-Mineral Matter Associations 3.5 Silicon-rich Minerals 3.6 Carbonate Minerals 3.7 Sulfide Minerals 3.8 Oxides 3.9 Sulfates 3.10 Phosphates 3.11 Lignites and Brown Coals4 Methods of Analysis 4.1 Bulk Sampling 4.2 Preparation of Sample for Analysis 4.3 Contamination 4.4 Reference Materials 4.5 Chemical Methods 4.6 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 4.7 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry 4.8 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 4.9 Neutron Activation Analysis 4.10 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 4.11 Spark Source Mass Spectrometry 4.12 Other Methods 4.13 Consideration of Results5 Contents of Trace Elements in Coals 5.1 General Comments 5.2 Detailed Information for Individual Trace Elements 5.2.1 Antimony 5.2.2 Arsenic 5.2.3 Barium 5.2.4 Beryllium 5.2.5 Bismuth 5.2.6 Boron 5.2.7 Bromine 5.2.8 Cadmium 5.2.9 Cesium 5.2.10 Chlorine 5.2.11 Chromium 5.2.12 Cobalt 5.2.13 Copper 5.2.14 Fluorine 5.2.15 Gallium 5.2.16 Germanium 5.2.17 Gold 5.2.18 Hafnium 5.2.19 Indium 5.2.20 Iodine 5.2.21 Lead 5.2.22 Lithium 5.2.23 Manganese 5.2.24 Mercury 5.2.25 Molybdenum 5.2.26 Nickel 5.2.27 Niobium 5.2.28 Phosphorus 5.2.29 Platinum Group Elements 5.2.30 Radium 5.2.31 Rare Earth Elements 5.2.32 Rhenium 5.2.33 Rubidium 5.2.34 Scandium 5.2.35 Selenium 5.2.36 Silver 5.2.37 Strontium 5.2.38 Tantalum 5.2.39 Tellurium 5.2.40 Thallium 5.2.41 Thorium 5.2.42 Tin 5.2.43 Titanium 5.2.44 Tungsten 5.2.45 Uranium 5.2.46 Vanadium 5.2.47 Yttrium 5.2.48 Zinc 5.2.49 Zirconium 6 Comparisons of Coal with Shale and Soil 6.1 Comparisons of Coal with Soil 6.2 Comparisons of Coal with Shale7 Variations within Seams 7.1 Geographical Variations 7.2 StratigraphiC Variations 7.3 Vertical Variations 7.4 Lateral Variations8 Radioactivity and Coal9 Relevance of Trace Elements in Coal 9.1 Effects of Beneficiation 9.2 Seam Correlation and Discrimination 9.3 Degree of Marine Influence 9.4 Environmental Aspects 9.4.1 Mining and Related Operations 9.4.2 Rehabilitation after Mining 9.4.3 Combustion for Power Production 9.4.4 Deposition of Trace Elements from the Atmosphere 9.5 Health Aspects 9.6 Coal as a Possible Source of Metals and Nonmetals10 Concluding Remarks11 References