Theory of Particulate Processes

Theory of Particulate Processes: Analysis and Techniques of Continuous Crystallization, Second Edition covers the numerous population balance-based particulate studies. This edition emerged from the notes for an industrial short course on crystallization.

This book is divided into 10 chapters and begins with an outline of the methods for representation of particle distributions and a systematic approach to the predictive modeling of processes where there is a need to characterize distributions in time and space and by some identifying property. The succeeding chapters provide a specific and more elementary approach to modeling crystal size distributions, as well as the modeling the kinetics of crystal nucleation and growth rates. Other chapters discuss a wide range of system analysis and design considerations specific to crystallization for both the steady state and unsteady state. The final chapters illustrate the use of a population balance analysis to interpret data from both laboratory and process equipment. These chapters also explore a wide variety of particulate processes and systems for which the population balance analysis is useful.

This book is of great value to graduate students with particulate systems course.

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Particulate Processes

1.1 Particulate Processes and Particle-Size Distribution

1.2 Properties Relating to PSD and CSD

1.3 Crystallizer/CSD Interaction

1.4 Particle Shape and Appearance

1.5 Particle Size

1.6 Particle-Size Distributions

1.7 Glossary of Particle Terms

1.8 Summary

Chapter 2 Particle Distributions

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Representation of Distributions

2.3 Empirical Representation of Distributions

2.4 Plotting and Parameter Estimation

2.5 Average Properties from Density-Distribution Functions

2.6 Mean Size and Coefficient of Variation

2.7 Truncated Distributions, Skewness, and Kurtosis

2.8 Suspension Properties from the Population-Density Distribution

2.9 Summary

Chapter 3 The Population Balance

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Particle Phase Space

3.3 Population Fluxes: Convection, Birth, and Death

3.4 Particle-Number Continuity Equation

3.5 Population Balance over a Macroscopic External Coordinate Region

3.6 Moment Transformation of Population Balance

3.7 The Population Balance in Other Coordinate Systems

3.8 Random Fluctuations in Growth Rate and/or Slurry Velocity

3.9 Summary

Chapter 4 Modeling Continuous and Batch Crystallizers

4.1 Continuous Systems: Definition and Constraints

4.2 Steady-State Population Balance

4.3 Significance of the Model

4.4 The Exponential Distribution

4.5 The Steady-State Mass Balance

4.6 Batch Systems Definition and Constraints

4.7 Modeling CSD When Growth Is Size-Dependent

4.8 Modeling CSD with Growth Dispersion

4.9 Summary

Chapter 5 Crystallization Kinetics

5.1 Supersaturation

5.2 Primary Nucleation

5.3 Crystal Growth Mechanisms

5.4 Secondary Nucleation

5.5 Effects of Impurities and Additives on Growth and Nucleation

5.6 Summary

Chapter 6 Crystal Size Responses for Continuous and Batch Crystallizers

6.1 Effect of Supersaturation on CSD

6.2 Effect of Suspended Solids on CSD

6.3 Effects of Secondary Nucleation

6.4 Crystallizer Cascades

6.5 Effects of Simple Fines Destruction

6.6 Effects of Mixing and Withdrawal Characteristics

6.7 Growth Dispersion and Size-Dependent Growth

6.8 Batch-Crystallization CSD

6.9 Summary

Chapter 7 Reaction Engineering of CSD

7.1 Reaction Engineering Models for the CSD

7.2 Accelerated Removal of Fine Crystals

7.3 Classified Product Removal

7.4 Fines Dissolving in Batch Crystallizers

7.5 Summary

Chapter 8 CSD Dynamics and Control

8.0 Introduction

8.1 Equations for CSD Dynamics

8.2 CSD Transients

8.3 Stability of CSD

8.4 Feedback Control of CSD

8.5 Summary

Chapter 9 Experimental Techniques and Analysis of Results

9.1 Characteristics of Laboratory MSMPR Crystallizers

9.2 Equipment for Continuous Experiments

9.3 Equipment for Batch Experiments

9.4 Sampling Techniques and Sample Treatment

9.5 Measurement of CSD

9.6 Treatment and Interpretation of Data

9.7 Experiments with Additives

9.8 Special Experimental Techniques

9.9 Summary

Chapter 10 Application to Other Systems

10.1 Comminution

10.2 Microbial Populations

10.3 Emulsion Polymerization

10.4 Dispersed-Phase Mixing

10.5 Residence-Time Distributions

10.6 Particle Agglomeration

10.7 Protein Precipitation

10.8 Inorganic Precipitation with Agglomeration

10.9 Modeling Agglomeration/Aggregation

10.10 Bubble-Size Distribution in Aeration Processes

10.11 Demographic Analysis

10.12 Summary

Appendix A Dimensionless Weight-Fraction Function

Appendix Β Crystal.Ball Program

Appendix C Sample Problems

Appendix D Selected Bibliography

Author Index

Subject Index