The Liver

Contributors

Preface

Contents of Volume II


1. The Embryonic Liver

I. Morphology

II. Embryonic Liver Physiology

References


2. Anatomy of the Liver

I. Histology of the Liver

II. Vascular Gross Anatomy of the Liver

III. Surgical Segments

References


3. The Structure of the Liver Sinusoids and the Sinusoidal Cells

I. Historical and Theoretical Considerations

II. Morphological Aspects of Lining Cells

III. The Basement Membrane and the "Space of Disse"

IV. Electron Microscopic Findings

References


4. Cyto- and Histochemistry of the Liver

I. Introduction

II. Nucleic Acids

III. Protein Reactions

IV. Glycogen

V. PAS-Positive Nonglycogenic Material

VI. Lipids

VII. Heavy Metals

VIII. Enzymatic Staining Reactions

IX. Discussion

References


5. Electron Microscopy of the Liver

I. Introduction

II. The Hepatic Cell

III. The Biliary Pathways

IV. The Blood Sinusoids, the Kupffer Cell, and the Perisinusoidal Space

References


6. Acinar Units and the Pathophysiology of the Liver

I. Historical Note on the Microlobulation of the Liver

II. Simple Liver Acinus

III. The Complex Liver Acinus and the Acinar Agglomerate

IV. Hexagonal Pattern and the Interdigitation of the Afferent and Efferent Vascular Trees

V. Pathways of Hepatic Circulation

VI. Lines and Patterns Deriving from the Acinar Units for the Orientation of Hepatic Lesions

VII. Functional Anatomical Interpretation of Classical Notions in Pathology

VIII. Common Lesions in the Structural and Functional Units of the Human Liver

IX. Summary

References


7. Dynamics of the Circulation in the Liver

I. Methodological Considerations

II. Results of Various Estimations of Hepatic Blood Flow

III. Oxygen Transport and Consumption in the Liver

IV. Hepatic Fractions of the Cardiac Output

V. Hepatic Circulation in Diseases of the Liver

VI. The Portal Pressure

VII. Experimental Alterations of the Hepatic Circulation

VIII. Concluding Remarks

References


8. The Cell Components of the Liver Isolation, Morphology, Biochemistry

I. Introduction

II. Isolation of Cell Components

III. Morphology of Isolated Fractions

IV. Biochemistry of Isolated Cell Components

V. Conclusions

VI. Appendix: Isolated Liver Cells

References


9. Metabolism of Amino Acids and Proteins

I. Introduction

II. General Picture of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism

III. Free Amino Acid Levels: Concentration of Amino Acids by the Liver

IV. The Removal of Nitrogen as Ammonia from Amino Acids

V. Transamination of Amino Acids

VI. Other Mechanisms for the Removal of Nitrogen

VII. Urea Metabolism

VIII. Ammonia Metabolism

IX. Creatine-Creatinine Metabolism

X. Synthesis of Conjugates of Amino Acids

XI. Further Metabolism of Amino Acids

XII. Protein Metabolism

References


10. The Liver and Lipid Metabolism

I. Introduction: The General Role of the Liver

II. The Hepatic Lipids

III. Metabolism of the Fatty Acids

IV. The Synthesis and the Degradation of Phospholipids

V. The Liver and the Circulating Lipids

VI. The Liver and the Metabolism of Cholesterol

References


11. The Liver and Carbohydrate Metabolism

I. Introduction

II. Metabolism

III. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Hepatic Conjugation

IV. Energetics of Carbohydrate Metabolism

V. Mechanisms for the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

VI. Carbohydrate Metabolism as a Function of the Development State of the Organism

VII. Metabolic Diseases Due to Deficiencies in Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism

References

Author Index

Subject Index