The Growing of Sugar Cane
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The Growing of Sugar Cane develops the fundamental principles of the growing of cane in the hope that cane culture throughout the world will benefit by it. The tremendous strides made in recent years in the knowledge of how to improve the growing of sugar cane, form the subject of this treatise. Cane growing is not a science. As the results of research replace tradition and guesswork, yields are expected to continue to rise. The book opens with a chapter on the factors that affect sugar cane growth. This is followed by separate chapters on seedbed preparation, sugar cane planting, the nutrition and irrigation of sugar cane, drainage, weed control, flowering control, ripening and maturity, harvesting and transportation, and pest and disease control.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter I. Factors Affecting the Growth of Sugar Cane
The Soil as a Factor in Sugar Cane Growth
Physical Properties of Soils
Chemical Properties of Soils
The Soil Microbiological Populations
Soil-Plant Relationships and Cane Growth
Factors Affecting the Growth of Roots
Root Systems of Ratoon Crops
Temperature Effects on Root Growth
Aeration in Relation to Root Growth
Soil Moisture in Relation to Root Growth
Soil Acidity in Relation to Root Growth
Fertilizers in Relation to Root Growth
Cultivation in Relation to Root Growth
Wind in Relation to Root Growth
Importance of Root Studies
The Stalk
The Leaves
Climatic Factors and Cane Growth
Effects of Temperature and Sunlight on Cane Growth
Moisture and Cane Growth
Frost Damage
Spanish Summary
Chapter II. Seedbed Preparation
Deep Tillage
Requirements of a Good Seedbed
Improving Physical Conditions of Heavy Clay and Sandy Soils with Organic Materials
Soil Compaction
Root Studies in Compacted Soils
Reconditioning of Compacted and Puddled Soils
Good Plowing a Must for Good Soil Tilth
Final Preparation of Seedbed for Cane
Disking, Rolling and Harrowing for Surface Soil Preparation
Effects of Post-Planting Traffic
Land Leveling for the Best Seedbed
Cultivation to Retain Good Tilth
Green Manure Crops
Chemicals for Conditioning
Spanish Summary
Chapter III. Planting of Sugar Cane
External Factors and Germination
Temperature
Moisture
Soil Tilth
Seed Treatment
Plant Disease-Free Seed
Pre-Fertilizing Seed-Cane
Planting in Furrows or on Beds
Depth of Planting
Internal Factors and Germination
Plant Population Studies
Quantity of Seed Used
Spaced Planting
Strip Planting for Erosion Control
Pre-Germination and Transplant of Seed-Cane
Replanting
Precautions and Recommendations in Using PMA
Spanish Summary
Chapter IV. the Nutrition of Sugar Cane
General
Nutrient Uptake
Factors Influencing the Chemical Composition
Climate and Chemical Composition
Fertilization of Sugar Cane
Trace-Element Nutrition
Trace-Element Composition of Sugar Cane
Plant Analyses and Crop Logging
Analyses of Early Experiences in Crop Logging
Expansion of Crop Logging in Hawaii
Stalk Tissues More Sensitive for N and P Needs
Leaf Sheath and 8-10 Stalk Potassium Equal
Chemical Composition of Plant Tissue
Crop-Log Sampling Procedures
Analytical Procedures
Effects of Climate on Composition of Sugar Cane
Total Plant Food Applied in Hawaii
Methods of Application
Number of Applications
Completion Time for Fertilization
Total Pounds of Nitrogen Applied
Pounds of Nitrogen in First Application
Total Pounds of Phosphate Applied
Total Pounds of Potash Applied
Number of Applications with Potash
Pounds of Potash in First Application
Summary of Fertilization Practices in Hawaii
Plant Analyses vs. Soil Tests
Field Experimentation to Correlate Soil and Plant Analyses with Yields
Balanced Feeding
Fertilizer Placement
Fertilization by Aircraft
Fertilization in Irrigation Water
Ammonia Fertilizer for Sugar Cane
Application in Irrigation Water
Application by Injection Equipment
Solid vs. Liquid Fertilizers
Progress in 50 Years Since 1900
Spanish Summary
Chapter V. Irrigation of Sugar Cane
Water and Its Relation to Soils and Sugar Cane
History of Irrigation Investigations in Hawaii
The Intake and Storage of Water by Soil
Moisture-Holding Properties of Soils
Moisture within the Plant
Role of Water in Physiology of Plants
Moisture Removal by Sugar Cane
Measurement of Water Deficit in Plants
Drought Tolerance of Sugar Cane
Experiment 'MASI'
Irrigation Interval Control
Bouyoucos Blocks
Tensiometers
Planning Field Layouts
Irrigation Systems
The Herringbone System
Level Ditch System
Continuous Long-Line System
Water Distribution Studies
Results of Radio Rubidium Tests
Volume of Water Discharge
Line Slope
Measuring Water Infiltration in Furrows
Furrow Shapes and Layouts
Flumes and Flume Outlets
Overhead Irrigation
Rate of Water Application
Semi-Permanent Systems under Test
Water Development
Economics of Water Development
Cane Pushback Machines in Operation in Hawaii
Plant Diseases and Irrigation Relationships
Management Practices Affecting Watersheds
Moisture Conservation in Unirrigated Districts
Delivery of Water to the Cane Fields
Water Losses from Seepage
Water Quality
Water Costs
Spanish Summary
Chapter VI. Drainage
Soil Aeration
Role of Soil Aeration in Nutrient Uptake
Soil Aeration and Chemical Reactions in Soil
Aeration and Soil Biology
Mechanics and Soil Aeration
Waterlogged Soils
Behavior of Sugar Cane under Waterlogged Conditions
Drainage and Root Systems
Soil Water and Root Development
Effect of Drainage on Soil Temperature
Effect of Drainage on Disease Resistance
Wet Soil and Its Agricultural Implications
Removing Excess Water from Soils
Drainage of Irrigated Lands
Topography and Drainage
The Soil Factor and Drainage
Water Table Studies
Depth of Water Table
Effects of Salinity upon Plant Growth
Salinity and Drainage
Salinity Problems in Sugar Cane Fields
Salinity Problems and Height of Water Table
Water Quality
Design of Drainage Systems
Soil Improvement and Drainage Designs
Trash Conservation as Surface Mulches
Mole Drains
Pumping as an Aid to Drainage
Diversion and Interceptor Ditches
Tidal Marsh Drainage
Maintenance of Drains
Effectiveness of Drainage Systems
Influence of Drainage on Sugar Yields
The Louisiana Banks System
Land Smoothing for Improved Drainage
Engineering Aspects of Land Drainage
Machinery for Soil Drainage
Spanish Summary
Chapter VII. Weed Control
Losses Caused by Weeds
Association of Weeds with Sugar Cane
Competition between Sugar Cane and Weeds
Methods of Preventing the Introduction and Spread of Weeds
Control vs. Eradication
Methods of Control
Comparison of Weed Control Methods
Chemical Weed Control in Hawaii
Application of Herbicides
Herbicides and Their Modes of Action
Effects of Herbicides on Sugar Cane
Tolerance to Herbicides
Spray Drift of Herbicides
Weed Control Schedules
Weed Control on Field Edges
Weeds of Irrigation Ditches and Drainage Canals
Formulations and Mixing Plants
Weed Control in Wet Areas and in Wet Seasons
Costs of Weed Control
Hazards and Precautions
Woody Plant Control
Weed Control in Other Sugar-Producing Countries
Weed Control in Mexico
Weed Control in Louisiana
Weed Control in Mauritius
Weed Control in Puerto Rico
Weed Control in Other Producing Areas
Machinery for Applying Herbicides
Herbicide Tests
Training and Supervision of Personnel
Spanish Summary
Chapter VIII. Control of Flowering
Photoperiodism
Photoperiodic Control of Flowering
Light Intensity and Duration
Flowering in Relation to Day Length
Selection of Varieties for Specific Photoperiods
Physiology of Flowering
Age in Relation to Flowering
The Inducement of Flowering
Control of Flowering with Light
Suppression of Flowering with Fertilizers
Control of Flowering by Irrigation Management
Control of Flowering with Chemicals
Effects of Flowering on Growth
Tasseling Effect on Yield
Spanish Summary
Chapter IX. Ripening and Maturity
Effects of Climatic Factors on Maturity
Nutritional Aspects of Ripening
Nitrogen and Juice Quality
Phosphate and Juice Quality
Potash and Juice Quality
Excess Salts and Juice Quality
Sugar Formation and Storage
Juice Quality-Moisture Stress Relationships
Translocation Affected by Moisture Stress
Loss of Moisture in Sugar Cane
Age in Relation to Maturity
Dead Cane at Harvest
Effect of Irrigation following Droughts
Cane Mortality in Areas of Poor Drainage
Varieties, Maturity and Mortality
Field Practices and Stalk Mortality
Preharvest Sampling for Scheduling Harvests
8-10 Stalk Sampling
Methods of Maturity Determination
Sucrose-Fiber Ratio
Cane Ripening in Hawaii
Cane Ripening in Mexico
Ripening Sugar Cane with Chemicals
Desiccating Cane Foliage for Better Burns
Spanish Summary
Chapter X. Harvesting and Transport of Sugar Cane
Mechanization of Cane Agriculture
Mechanical Harvesting
Land Preparation for Mechanical Harvesting
Dirty Cane Costly
Losses from Wet Weather Harvesting
Rock Removal
High Flotation Tires Look Promising
Mechanical Loading of Handcut Cane
Mechanization of Cane Transportation
Burning of Cane Prior to Harvest
Length of Grinding Season
To Mechanize or Not
Spanish Summary
Chapter XI. Control of Pests and Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Gumming Disease
Leaf Scald
Virus Diseases
Mosaic Disease
Chlorotic Streak
Ratoon Stunting Disease
Diseases of the Leaves, Sheaths and Stalks
Ring Spot
Red Rot
Pokkah Boeng
Eye Spot
Brown Stripe
Pineapple Disease
Root Diseases
Pythium Root Rot
Other Diseases
Fiji Disease
Sclerospora Disease
Quarantine
Plant Nutrition in Relation to Cane Diseases
Insects and Rats
Know Who Your Insect Immigrants are
Rat Control
Migration of Rats
Cane Damage
Poisons
Seasonal Fluctuations
Formulas
Air Application of Rat Poisons
Rat Control for Variety Tests
Coloring of Baits
Insects
Sugar-Cane Leaf Hopper
Leafroller
Sugar-Cane Scale Insect
Cutworms and Armyworms
Sugar-Cane Aphis
Mealybugs
Sugar-Cane Borer
Termites
Froghoppers
The Beetles
Nematode Populations in Sugar-Cane Soils
Fumigation
Influence of Soil Population
Fumigant and Fungicide Residues
Fumigation Effects on Nutrient Availability
Shipments of Beneficial Insects
Problems Associated with Overproduction
Spanish Summary
Appendix
HSPA-Modified TRUOG Method for Determination of Available Phosphorus in Soils
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 722
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Elsevier 1963
- Published: January 1, 1963
- Imprint: Elsevier
- eBook ISBN: 9781483275185