The Action of Insulin on Cells

PrefaceI. Introduction ReferencesII. Tissues Acted Upon by Insulin A. Mammalian Tissues B. Phylogenetic Aspects of Insulin Action C. Summary ReferencesIII. Insulin and Muscle A. Glucose Uptake and Glycogen Synthesis B. Oxygen Uptake and CO2 Production C. Insulin and Incorporation of Amino Acids into Peptides D. Summary of Experimental Findings ReferencesIV. Insulin and the Liver A. Glucose Output and Uptake B. Glycogen Formation C. Fatty Acid Synthesis D. Amino Acid Incorporation into Liver Protein E. Liver Enzymes and Insulin F. Summary of Experimental Findings on Relation of Insulin to Liver Activities G. Summary of Speculative Suggestions Regarding Action of Insulin on Liver ReferencesV. Insulin and Adipose Tissue A. Glucose Uptake of Various Types of Adipose Tissue B. Insulin and Pathways of Glucose Metabolism C. Insulin and Fatty Acid Incorporation or Release D. Protein Synthesis in Adipose Tissue E. Adipose Tissue and Insulin Assay F. Morphological Changes Produced by Insulin G. Summary of Experimental Findings H. Summary of Speculations Regarding Action of Insulin on Adipose Tissue ReferencesVI. Insulin and Cell Permeability A. Insulin and Permeability of Sugars B. Permeability to Amino Acids C. Permeability to Protein D. Membrane Potential and Potassium Content of Muscle E. Summary of Experimental Findings F. Summary of Speculations Regarding Relation of Effects of Insulin on Transport and on Anabolic Events ReferencesVII. Interactions of Insulin, Pituitary Factors, and Adrenal Hormones in Isolated Tissues A. Amino Acid Incorporation into Protein of Isolated Tissues B. Utilization of Carbohydrates by Isolated Tissues C. Summary of Experimental Findings D. Summary of Speculations Regarding Interaction of Growth Hormone and Insulin ReferencesVIII. Insulin Effects in Cell-Free Systems A. The Hexokinase System B. Glycogen Synthesis in Diaphragm Fragments C. Oxygen Consumption and Oxidative Phosphorylation D. Thiamine Phosphorylation E. Miscellaneous F. Summary of Experimental Findings Regarding Effects of Insulin in Cell-Free Systems G. Summary of Speculations Regarding Insulin in Cell-Free Systems ReferencesIX. Notes on the Structure and Properties of Insulin A. The Amino Acid Sequence B. The Three Dimensional Structure C. Other Structural Modifications D. Interactions of Insulin with Itself and Other Substances E. Attachment of Insulin to Tissues F. Summary of Experimental Findings ReferencesX. Speculations on Insulin Action A. The Immediate Effect B. The Delayed Effect C. General Hypotheses D. Interaction of Insulin with Cell Components E. Summary ReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index