Stress in Health and Disease

Stress in Health and Disease presents the principal pathways mediating the response to a stressor. It discusses the clinical background of cross-resistance and treatment with stress-hormones. It addresses the diseases of adaptation or stress diseases, diagnostic indicators, and functional changes. Some of the topics covered in the book are the concept of heterostasis; stressors and conditioning agents; morphology of frostbite; characteristics manifestations of stress; catecholamines and their derivatives; various hormones and hormone-like substances; FFA, triglycerides and lipoproteins; morphologic changes; and hypothalamo-hypophyseal system . The gastrointestinal diseases of adaptation are covered. The schizophrenia and related psychoses is discussed. The text describes the manic-depressive disease and senile psychosis. A study of the experimental cardiovascular diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases is presented. A chapter is devoted to the diseases of adaptation in animals. Another section focuses on the shift in adenohypophyseal activity and catatoxic hormones. The book can provide useful information to scientists, doctors, students, and researchers.

Foreword

Purpose and Scope

Prefatory Remarks on the Style of this Book

General Structure

References

Critique and Personal Observations

Reviews

Our Earlier Stress Monographs

General

Popular

Foreign Languages

How to Use This Book

Glossary

Stress Tests

I. History and General Outline of the Stress Concept

History

Prescientific Intuitive Feelings Foreshadowing the Existence of Stress

Beginnings of a Scientific Analysis

The General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.)

General Outline

Definition and Terminology of Biologic Stress

Principal Pathways Mediating the Response to a Stressor

Conditioning

Degrees of Specificity, Relationship between the G.A.S

and L.A.S

Cross Resistance and Treatment with Stressors or Stress Hormones

The Diseases of Adaptation or Stress Diseases

Syntoxic and Catatoxic Responses

The Concept of Heterostasis

Behavioral Implications

II. Stressors and Conditioning Agents

Trauma

Generalities

→ ACTH and Corticoids

→ Catecholamines (EP, NEP)

→ STH

→ Insulin

→ Sex Hormones

→ Other Hormones

→ Histamine and 5-HT

→ Enzymes

→ Other Metabolites

→ Other Targets

+ Age

+ Anesthesia

+ Temperature

+ Season

+ Diet

+ Genetics

Drugs

AMP, ADP, ATP

Alloxan

Aminoglutethimide

Amphenone

Anesthetics and Analgesics

Antiadrenergics

Antibiotics

Anticholinergics

Antihistamines

Asiaticoside

Benzol

Cannabis

Chlorpromazine

CNS Stimulants

Colchicine

Cysteamine

DDD

DDT

DNA, RNA

Dibenzyline

Diphenylhydantoin

DMSO

DOPA

Electrolytes, Water, Osmotic Pressure

Ethanol

Ethionine

α-Ethyltryptamine, α-Methyltryptamine

Formaldehyde

Glucose

6-Hydroxydopamine

Insecticides

Isethionate

MAO Inhibitors

Meprobamate

Methadone

Methamphetamine

Metrazol

Metyrapone (Metopirone)

Morphine

α-MT

Mustards

Narcotics and Other Psychotropic Drugs

Nialamide

Nicotine

Nicotinic Acid

Nitrous Oxide

PCPA

Pimozide

Poly chlorinated Biphenyls

Psychotropic Drugs

Reserpine

Ricin

Salicylates

Tranquilizers

Vitamins

Various Drugs or Drug Combinations Not Previously Mentioned

Hormones and Hormone-like Substances

Catecholamines

Corticoids

Glucagon

Gonadotropic and Gonadal Hormones

Histamine and 5-HT

Insulin

Pineal Hormones

Renin, Angiotensin

STH

Thymus Hormones

Thyroid Hormones

Vasopressin.

Diet

Generalities

→ Hormones

→ Varia

+ Temperature Variations

+ Restraint

+ Other Stressors

Physical Agents

Temperature, including Frostbite

Burns

Sound

Ultrasound, Sonic Booms

Ionizing Rays

Light Rays

Ultraviolet Rays

Vibration

Air Blasts

Compression, Decompression

Gravity

Electricity, Electroshock

Magnetism

Osmotic Pressure

Microorganisms and Their Toxins

Generalities

→ Hormones

+ Varia

Immunity

Hypoxia, Decreased Barometric Pressure including Hyperbaric Oxygenation

Generalities

→ Morphology

→ Hormones

→ Enzymes and Other Metabolites

→ Nervous Changes

→ Varia

+ Varia

Hemorrhage

Muscular Exercise

Generalities

→ Hormones

→ Enzymes and Other Metabolites

+ Varia

Restraint

Generalities

→ Hormones

→ Enzymes and Other Metabolites

→ Varia

+ Varia

Athletics

Generalities

→ Hormones

+ Varia

Neuropsychologic Stimuli

Generalities

Pain and Grief

Anxiety, Anticipation, Fear, Arousal

Public Speaking

Sleep Deprivation

Motivation

Cognition

Fighting, Anger, Hate

Sensory Deprivation, Boredom, Monotony

Pleasure

Handling and Gentling

Varia

Climate, Environment

Generalities

Pollution

Social, Cultural, Family

Crowding

Isolation

Captivity

Concentration Camps, POWs

Relocation and Travel

Urbanization

Catastrophe, Accidents

Biorhythms

Circadian

Seasonal Variations

Hibernation

Meteorologic Influences

Occupation

Aerospace

Parachute Jumping

Air Traffic Control

Navy, Marine, Submarine

Diving

Military Life, including Combat

Automobile Driving

Industry, Labor, Business, Finance

Executive Life

Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing

Law

Police Work

Shift Work

Telephone and Telegraph Operators

Various Other Occupations

Unemployment, Retirement

Physiologic States

Age

Sex (Including the Sexual Cycle)

Pregnancy and Lactation

Genetics, Race, Constitution

Generalities

Vertebrates

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Fish

Invertebrates

Plants and Microorganisms

Tumors

Combined Effect of Various Agents

Multiple Stressors (Cross-resistance and Cross-sensitization)

III. Characteristic Manifestations of Stress

Chemical Changes

Body Weight

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Other Metabolites

Morphologic Changes

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal System

Adrenals

Thyroid

Sex Organs (including Pregnancy and Lactation)

Pancreas

Pineal Gland

Thymicolymphatic and Hematopoietic Organs

Blood Cells, Blood Volume

Cardiovascular System

Gastrointestinal System

Oral (Teeth, Periodontal) Structures

Salivary Glands

Lung

Ocular Structures

Kidney

Liver

Connective Tissue, Wound Healing, Regeneration and Inflammation

Skin

Reticuloendothelial System (RES)

Tumors

Other Morphologic Changes

Functional Changes

Resistance

Nervous System

Stress Tests

Body Temperature

Cardiovascular System, including Blood Pressure, ECG

Muscular System

Blood Coagulation

Immunology

Death

Varia

IV. Diseases of Adaptation

Generalities

Shock

Gastrointestinal Diseases of Adaptation

Peptic Ulcers

Experimental Peptic Ulcers

Ulcerative Colitis

Varia

Cardiovascular Diseases (including Hypertension, Cardiac Infarcts, Periarteritis Nodosa)

Generalities

History

← Stressors in General

← Psychogenic Stressors

← Conditioning

Diagnostic Indicators and Other Changes Characteristic of Stress-induced Cardiovascular Disease

Experimental Cardiovascular Diseases

Neuropsychiatric Diseases

Generalities

Psychosomatic

Neuroses

Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses

Manic-depressive Disease

Toxicomanias (including Alcoholism)

Senile Psychosis

Other Neuropsychiatric and Psychosomatic Diseases

Experimental Neuroses (including Toxicomanias)

Other Diseases of Adaptation

Diabetes Mellitus

Hypoglycemia and Hyperinsulinism

Thyroid Diseases

Cushing's Disease

Immunity, Allergy and Infections

Tumors

Pancreatitis

Renal Diseases

Gynecologic Diseases

Oral, Dental Diseases

Ocular Diseases

Skin Diseases

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Nutritional Diseases (including Kwashiorkor)

Ménière's Disease

Varia

Pluricausal Diseases

Diseases of Adaptation in Animals

Generalities

Shipping Fever

Varia

V. Treatment

Generalities

Rest and Leisure

Psychotherapy in General

Handling and Gentling

Transcendental Meditation (TM) and Related Techniques

Zen and Yoga

Hypnosis

Psychoanalysis

Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Chiropractic

Osteopathy

Various Stressors (Mental and Physical)

Diet

Hormones and Related Substances

Vitamins

Psychotropic Drugs in General

Autonomic Blocking Agents

Ginseng, Eleutherococcus

Ethanol

Other Drugs

Smoking

VI. Theories

General Mechanisms

Nervous Mechanisms

Dictionary

Anatomic Drawings and Explanatory Tables

General Discussion of CRF and the Results of Experiments

Deafferentation of the Hypophysiotrophic Area

Abstracts of Literature on Various Nervous Mechanisms

Hormonal Mechanisms

Anterior Lobe of the Hypophysis

Middle {Intermediate) Lobe of the Hypophysis, MTH (MSH)

Posterior (Neural) Lobe of the Hypophysis

Adrenals

The Shift in Adenohypophyseal Activity

Syntoxic and Catatoxic Hormones

Other Hormones and Hormone-like Substances

Various Mechanisms

The First Mediator

General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.) vs Local Adaptation Syndrome (L.A.S.)

Conditioning

The Three Phases of the G.A.S., Adaptation Energy, Aging

Stress and Fatigue

Various Other Theories

VII. Various Other Related Topics

Legal Implications

Philosophic Implications

Institutes, Laboratories, and Societies Primarily or Exclusively Devoted to Stress Research

Epilogue

Author Index

Subject Index