Strength and Failure of Visco-Elastic Materials

Strength and Failure of Visco-Elastic Materials covers the whole spectrum of durability of visco-elastic materials. The title details the contemporary state of the problems and the results of the studies done in the area of visco-elastic materials science. The text covers materials such as polymers, rubbers, and elastomers. The selection tackles visco-elastic problems, such as kinetic failures, corrosion, static fatigue, and deformation. Variables such as molecular weight and orientation, structure, environments, strain rate, and action are also discussed. The book will be of great use to students, researchers, and practitioners of materials science.

Translator's Preface

Author's Preface

Chapter 1. The Strength of Solids

1.1. The Theoretical Strength of Solids

1.2. Actual Strength of Solids

1.3. Development of the Concept of Defects and Cracks in Solids

1.4. Critical Consideration of the Theory of Griffiths and of the Calculation of Theoretical Strength of Orowan

1.5. Mechanical Losses in the Failure of Solids

1.6. Failure of Solids under Tensile Stresses below the Critical Stress

1.7. Types and Rates of Loading

1.8. Laws Governing the Time and Temperature Dependence of the Strength of Solids

1.9. Influence of Surface-active Environments on the Failure of Solids

1.10. Theoretical Presentation of the Time Dependence of the Strength of Various Solids

1.11. Oscillation (Fluctuation) Theory of Strength of Brittle Bodies

1.12. Non-critical Stress and Impact Failure

1.13. Application of the Oscillation Theory of Strength to Solid Polymers

1.14. Influence of Type of Stress on the Strength of Solids

Chapter 2. Deformation and Strength of Polymers

2.1. Deformation and Strength of Crystalhne Polymers

2.2. Deformation and Strength of Amorphous Solid Polymers

2.3. Visco-elastic Deformation of Polymers

2.4. Strength and Deformation of Linear and Three-dimensional Polymers in the Visco-elastic State

2.5. State of Amorphous Polymers under Great Stresses

2.6. Application of the Method of General Coordinates to Deformation and Strength Characteristics of Polymers

Chapter 3. Mechanism of Failure of Polymers

3.1. Mechanism of Failure of Polymer Fibers

3.2. Mechanism of Failure of SoHd Polymers

3.3. Mechanism of Failure of Visco-elastic Polymers

3.4. Influence of Structure and Temperature on the Failure Process in Visco-elastic Polymers

3.5. Ductile Failure of Polymers

Chapter 4. Influence of Molecular Weight, Structure and Molecular Orientation on the Strength of Polymers

4.1. Strength and Molecular Weight of Polymers

4.2. Strength and Structure of Polymers

4.3. Strength and Molecular Orientation of Polymers

4.4. The Causes of High Strength of Orientated Polymers

4.5. Theory of Strength of Orientated Solid Polymers

4.6. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Strength of Orientated Solid Polymers

4.7. Influence of Molecular Orientation on the Strength of Viscoelastic Materials

Chapter 5. Statistical Theory of Strength and Scale Effect

5.1. Statistical Theory of the Strength of Solids

5.2. Statistical Nature of the Strength of Elastomers

5.3. Statistical Theory of the Strength of Rubber

5.4. Influence of the Dimensions of the Specimen on the Strength of Rubber

5.5. Theory of the Scale Effect of Strength

Chapter 6. Time Dependence of the Strength of Rubbers

6.1. Formula of Time Dependence of the Strength of Rubbers

6.2. Influence of the Type of Rubber and Degree of its Cross-linking on the Time Dependence of Strength

6.3. Influence of Temperature on the Time Dependence of the Strength of Elastomers

6.4. Theory of Time and Temperature Dependence of the Strength of Elastomers

Chapter 7. Dependence of Strength of Elastomers on Strain Rate and Type of Filler

7.1. Strength of Elastomers at Constant Strain Rates

7.2. Calculation of Durability under Different Rates of Loading

7.3. The Influence of Fillers on the Strength of Rubbers

7.4. Influence of the Type of Stress on the Failure of Rubbers and Elastomers

Chapter 8. Strength and Fatigue of Elastomers under Cyclic Loadings

8.1. The Principles of the Dynamic Fatigue of Elastomers

8.2. Calculation of Durability of Plastics and Elastomers under Cyclic Loading

8.3. Phenomenon of Fatigue of Elastomers under Cyclic Loading

8.4. The Part Played by Mechanical Losses in the Fatigue of Rubbers

8.5. Influence of Molecular Weight of Rubber, Filler and Temperature on Fatigue Strength of Rubbers

Chapter 9. Theory of the Tearing of Rubbers

9.1. The Two Stages of the Process of Tearing Rubbers

9.2. Theory of the Tearing of Rubbers

9.3. Experimental Determination of the Characteristic Energy of Tearing

9.4. Examination of the Validity of Griffith's Formula for Elastomers

Chapter 10. Basic Concepts of Failure of Polymers M Aggressive Environments

10.1 Types of Failure under the Influence of Aggressive Environments

10.2. Chemical Relaxation

10.3. Mechanical-Chemical Phenomena

10.4. Corrosion Cracking of Non-elastic Materials

10.5. Ozone Cracking of Rubbers

10.6. Characteristics of the Process of Corrosion Cracking

Chapter 11. Corrosion Failure and Static Fatigue

11.1. Influence of the Type of Deformation (Strain)

11.2. Part Played by Destructive Processes

11.3. Influence of Swelling on Corrosion Failure of Rubber

11.4. Strength Properties and Corrosion Failure of Rubbers

Chapter 12. Failure Kinetics of Rubbers in Aggressive Environments and Critical Deformations

12.1. Influence of the Reaction and Adsorption Properties of the Environment on the Speed of Failure of Rubber

12.2. Kinetics of Failure in Unstressed Rubbers

12.3. Failure Kinetics of Stressed Rubbers

12.4. Critical Deformation (Strain)

12.5. Influence of Various Factors on the Size of the Critical Deformation (Strain)

Chapter 13. Special Features of Failure of Rubber in Aggressive Environments

13.1. Influence of Concentration of Aggressive Media on the Failure of Rubber

13.2. Influence of Stress on the Failure of Rubber in Aggressive Environments

13.3. Study of the Quantitative Dependence of the Durability of Rubber on the Concentration of the Aggressive Medium

13.4. Influence of Temperature on the Failure of Rubber in Aggressive Environments

Chapter 14. Methods of Increasing the Durability of Rubbers in Aggressive Environments

14.1. Resistance of Rubber to Ozone and Other Aggressive Media

14.2. Protection of Stressed Rubbers by the Change of the Size of the Tensile Stresses

14.3. Protection of Rubbers by the Creation of an Inert Surface Film

14.4. Chemical Means of Protecting Rubber from the Attack by Ozone

Index