Steels

Metallurgy and Applications

1st Edition - March 26, 1992
Author: D. T. Llewellyn
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 4 4 7 6 - 4

Steels: Metallurgy and Applications deals with the metallurgy and applications of steel and covers the broad spectrum of the mainstream commercial grades as well as the service or… Read more

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Steels: Metallurgy and Applications deals with the metallurgy and applications of steel and covers the broad spectrum of the mainstream commercial grades as well as the service or manufacturing requirements that govern their use. Standard specifications and some of the design considerations that provide satisfactory service performance are considered. Brief reference is also made to some of the steel prices that were effective on January 1, 1991. Comprised of five chapters, this book begins with an overview of technological trends in the steelmaking industry since 1980s, paying particular attention to energy conservation, iron-making, continuous casting, and product requirements. The next chapter is devoted to low-carbon strip steels and their cold-forming behavior, applications, and metallurgical factors affecting cold formability. The third chapter focuses on low-carbon structural steels and their strengthening mechanisms, while the fourth chapter considers engineering steels and their heat treatment aspects. The final chapter describes stainless steels and their composition-structure relationships, commercial grades, corrosion resistance, welding, and cold working. The mechanical properties of stainless steels at elevated and sub-zero temperatures are also examined. This monograph will be of interest to students and practicing metallurgists.

1 Technological Trends in the Steelmaking Industry The Turbulent 1980s Energy Conservation Ironmaking Steelmaking Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking Secondary Steelmaking Continuous Casting Product Requirements2 Low-Carbon Strip Steels Overview Cold-Forming Behavior True Stress-True Strain Deep Drawing Stretch Forming Bending Forming Limit Diagrams Finite Element Modeling Metallurgical Factors Affecting Cold Formability Process Route Batch-Annealed Strip Continuous Annealing Compositional Effects High-Strength Strip Steels Precipitation-Strengthened/Grain-Refined Steels Solid Solution Strengthened Steels Dual-Phase Steels Bake-Hardened Steels Work-Hardened Steels Transformation-Strengthened Steels Formability of High-Strength Strip Steels Standard Specifications Zinc-Coated Steels Production Methods Corrosion Resistance Cold-Forming Behavior Standard Specifications Zinc Alloy Coatings Organic-Coated Steels Steel Prices Tinplate Method of Manufacture Canmaking Processes Resistance Spot Welding Weldability Lobes Rephosphorized Steels Precipitation-Strengthened Grades Zinc-Coated Steels Strip Steels in Automotive Applications Weight Reduction Improved Corrosion Resistance Strip Steels in Buildings Steel-Framed Houses Steel Cladding Steel Lintels Other Applications for Strip Steels Domestic Appliances Steel Drums Vitreous Enamelled Products3 Low-Carbon Structural Steels Overview Strengthening Mechanisms in Structural Steels Ferrite Grain Refinement Solid Solution Strengthening Precipitation Strengthening Transformation Strengthening Structure-Property Relationships in Ferrite-Pearlite Steels Controlled Rolling/Thermomechanical Processing Outline of Process Slab Reheating Rolling Transformation to Ferrite Standard Specifications Steel Prices Weathering Steels Corrosion Resistance Steel Specifications Clean Steels and Inclusion Shape Control Ships Standard-Strength Steels Higher Strength Steels Design Considerations Offshore Structures Design Considerations Steel Selection Cast Steel Nodes Reinforcing Bars Standard Specifications Traditional Reinforcing Steels Controlled-Cooled Bars Steel Bridges Design Against Brittle Fracture Steel in Multi-Storey Buildings Building Code Requirements Steels for Pipelines Specifications and Property Requirements Linepipe Manufacturing Processes Steel Compositions for Linepipe Pipeline Fittings Steels for Sour Gas Service4 Engineering Steels Overview Heat Treatment Aspects Isothermal Transformation Diagrams Continuous-Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams Hardenability Testing Factors Affecting Hardenability Tempering Tesistance Surface-Hardening Treatments Distortion in Case-Carburized Components Standard Specifications Steel Prices Machinable Steels Machinability Testing Role of Free Cutting Additives Low-Carbon Free Cutting Steels Medium-Carbon Free Cutting Steels Machinable Low-Alloy Steels Machinable Stainless Steels Steels for Gas Containers Steel Compositions Design and Manufacture Hydrogen Gas Containers Higher Strength Steels Bearing Steels Bearing Fatigue Testing Factors Affecting Fatigue Performance Modern Steelmaking Methods High-Speed Steels Role of Alloying Elements Heat Treatment Standard Specifications and Uses Maraging Steels Metallurgy Commercial Grades Corrosion Behavior Applications Steels for Steam Power Turbines Turbine Casings HP and IP Rotors LP Rotors Turbine Generator End Rings Turbine Bolts Turbine Blades Medium-High-Carbon Pearlitic Steels Rail Steels Rail Steel Specifications Wear Resistance of Rails Austenitic 14% Mn Rails Micro-Alloy Forging Steels Metallurgical Considerations Commercial Exploitation Controlled Processed Bars Normalized Steels Quenched and Tempered Steels High-Carbon Wire Rod Rod Rolling and Conditioning Wire Drawing Micro-Alloy High-Carbon Rod5 Stainless Steels Overview Composition-Structure Relationships Iron-Chromium Alloys Iron-Chromium-Nickel Alloys Other Alloy Additions Commercial Grades of Stainless Steels Martensitic Stainless Steel Ferritic Stainless Steels Austenitic Stainless Steels Controlled Transformation Stainless Steels Steel Prices Corrosion Resistance Intergranular Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion Cracking High-Alloy Stainless Steels High-Alloy Austenitic/Duplex Grades High-Alloy Ferritic Grades Welding of Stainless Steels Martensitic Stainless Steels Austenitic Stainless Steels Ferritic Stainless Steels Variable Weld Penetration Cold Working of Stainless Steels Role of Alloying Elements Work Hardening of Commercial Grades Optimization of Cold-Forming Properties Mechanical Properties at Elevated and Sub-Zero Temperatures Tensile Properties Impact Properties Steels for Boilers and Pressure Vessels Steel Specifications Pressure Vessel Codes Steels for Elevated-Temperature Applications Steels for Low-Temperature Applications Steels in Fossil-Fired Power Plant Boiler Layout and Operation Steel Selection Co-Extruded Tubing Flue Gas Desulfurization Equipment Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plant Corrosion/Abrasion-Resistant Grades Automotive Exhausts/Catalytic Converters Architectural Applications