Sense Organs Integration, and Behavior

Contributors and Chapter List, Volume I

Contributors and Chapter List, Volume II

Preface

Chapter 1. Light Sensitivity and Vision

I. General Sensitivity

II. Median Eyes

III. Lateral Eyes

A. Structural Pattern

B. Image Formation

C. Functional Units

D. Intensity Functions

E. Time and Space Functions

F. Wavelenght Functions

G. Polarized Light Sensitivity

IV. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 2. Mechanoreception

I. Introduction

II. Methods of Study

III. Touch

IV. Proprioception

A. Muscle Receptor Organ

B. Limb Proprioceptors

C. Comparative Aspects

V. Equilibrium Receptors

A. Receptor Structure and Distribution

B. Physiology

C. Comparative Aspects

VI. Hearing and Sound Production

A. Hearing and Vibration Reception

B. Sound Production

VII. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 3. Chemoreception and Thermoreception

I. Chemoreception

A. Introduction

B. The Receptor Organs

C. Functional Properties

D. Summary

II. Thermoreception

A. Introduction

B. Responses to Thermal Stimuli

C. Summary

References

Chapter 4. Pigmentary Effectors

I. Introduction

A. Chromatophores

B. Retinal Pigments

II. Chromatophores

A. Chromatophore Responses

B. Mechanisms Regulating Chromatophores

III. Retinal Pigments

A. General Morphology

B. Normal Photomechanical Changes

C. Regulation

IV. Comparisons with Other Animals

A. Insect Color Changes

B. Insect Retinal Pigments

C. Vertebrate Color Changes

V. General Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 5. Light Production

I. Occurrence and Distribution of Luminescence

II. Types of Luminous Organs

A. Ostracoda

B. Copepoda

C. Malacostraca

III. Physical Nature of the Light

IV. Biochemistry of Light Production

A. Miscellaneous Observations

B. Cypridina Luciferin and Luciferase

V. Control of Luminescence

VI. Use of the Light

References

Chapter 6. The Neuromuscular System

I. Introduction

II. Efferent Nerve Fibers and Their Properties

III. Neuromuscular Connections

A. Histology

Β. Typical Response to Efferent Stimulation

C. Innervation Patterns in Different Crustacea

IV. Electrophysiology of Nerve-Muscle Preparations

A. Membrane Potential of Muscle Fibers

B. Electrical Changes Caused by Motor Axon Stimulation

C. Membrane Potential and Inhibition

D. Membrane Potential and Double Motor Innervation

E. Quadruple Motor Innervation

V. Processes between Nerve Impulse and Contraction

VI. Properties of Muscle Fibers

A. Anatomy

B. Metabolism and Biochemistry

VII. Comparison of Different Innervation Systems

A. Comparison of Slow Systems and Opener Systems

B. Comparison of Fats Systems

C. Comparison of Inhibitory Systems

VIII. Effects of Drugs and Ions

A. Drugs

B. Ions

IX. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 7. Reflexes and the Central Nervous System

I. Introduction

II. Histology

A. Sensory Fibers

B. Efferent Fibers

C. Interneurons

D. Synaptic Connections

III. Reflexes

A. Axon Reflexes

B. Simple Reflexes

C. Complex Reflexes

D. Effects of Surgical Interference

IV. Spontaneous Activity

V. Physiology of Central Units

A. Giant Fiber System

B. Transmission from Giant Fibers to Motor Fibers

C. Other Central Fibers Motor Aspect

D. Other Central Fibers Sensory Aspects

VI. Pharmacology

VII. General Conclusions

References

Chapter 8. Neurohumors and Neurosecretion

I. Introduction

II. Acetylcholine

A. Evidence for the Ach System in Crustaceans

B. Function of Ach

III. Amines

IV. Factor I

V. Neurosecretory Systems

A. Sinus Gland System

B. Postcommissural and Pericardial Organs

VI. Neurosecretory Substances

A. Diversity and Chemical Nature

B. Storage and Release

C. Functions

VII. Comparisons and Conclusions

References

Chapter 9. Locomotion

I. Introduction

II. General Features

A. Biomechanics

B. Integration and Control of Locomotion

III. Types of Locomotion

A. Walking and Running

B. Climbing

C. Plowing through Mud or Sand

D. Burrowing

E. Jumping

F. Swimming

G. Escape Mechanisms

IV. Comparison with Other Animals

V. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Kinetic and Tactic Responses

I. Introduction

II. Fundamental Mechanisms

A. Kineses

B. Taxes

III. Response to Light

A. Directional Response to Light

B. Photokineses

C. Phototaxes

D. Special Cases

IV. Response to Chemical Stimuli

V. Response to Mechanical Stimuli

A. Rheotaxis and Anemotaxis

B. Thigmokinesis

C. Geotaxis

VI. Response to Thermal Stimuli

VII. Response to Electrical Stimuli

VIII. Conclusions

IX. Summary

References

Chapter 11. Physiological Rhythms

I. General Introduction

II. Persistent Rhythms

A. Chromatophores and Color Change

B. Retinal-Pigment Migration

C. Spontaneous Motor Activity

D. Metabolic Rate

E. Other Phenomena

III. Properties of the Rhythmic Mechanism

A. Temperature Relations

B. Relationships to Light

C. Other Properties

IV. The Nature of the Frequency-Regulating Mechanism

V. General Conclusions and Summary

References

Chapter 12. Migrations

I. Introduction

II. Pelagic Migrations

A. Vertical Migration

B. Horizontal Migration

III. Benthic and Terrestrial Migrations

A. Description

B. Mechanisms

C. Initiating and Controlling Factors

D. Value to the Animal

IV. Conclusions

References

Chapter 13. Complex Behavior

I. Introductions

II. Behavior Types

A. Individual Behavior

B. Behavior Toward Others

III. Analysis of Behavior

A. Components of Behavior

B. Behavioral Changes in Ontogeny

C. Behavior and Evolution

VI. Conclusions

References

Chapter 14. Comparative Physiology

I. Introduction

II. The Comparative Process

III. Descriptive Comparisons

A. Within Individuals

B. Between Individuals of a Species

C. Between Crustaceans

D. Between Crustacea and Other Taxa

IV. Explanatory Comparisons

A. Genetic

B. Developmental

C. Adaptive

D. Evolutionary

V. Conclusions

References

Author Index

Systematic Index (including Synonymy)

Subject Index