Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques 2-Volume Set

Indications, Methods and Results

7th Edition - April 22, 2021
Author: Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 1 4 7 9 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 1 5 1 9 - 4

Schmidek and Sweet has been an indispensable reference for neurosurgery training and practice for nearly 50 years, and the 7th Edition of Operative Neurosurgical Techniques… Read more

Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques 2-Volume Set

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Schmidek and Sweet has been an indispensable reference for neurosurgery training and practice for nearly 50 years, and the 7th Edition of Operative Neurosurgical Techniques continues this tradition of excellence. A new editorial board led by editor-in-chief Dr. Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa, along with more than 330 internationally acclaimed contributors, ensures that readers stay fully up to date with rapid changes in the field. New chapters, surgical videos, and quick-reference features throughout make this edition a must-have resource for expert procedural guidance for today’s practitioners.

Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
In Memoriam
About The Author/Editor
Video and Content Associate Editor
Section Editors
Contributors
Preface
Video Contents
Volume 1
Chapter 1. Ensuring Patient Safety in Surgery: First Do No Harm and Applying a Systems-Engineering Approach
The Nature of Safety in Medicine and Surgery
A Human Factors Approach to Improving Patient Safety
Illustrating Systems Improvement Over Time: Wrong-Sided Brain Surgery
Contributory Factor Analysis
Perspective
Summary
Chapter 2. Surgical Navigation With Intraoperative Imaging: Special Operating Room Concepts
Introduction
Computer-Assisted Image-Guided Neuronavigation
Intraoperative Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Safety and Compatibility, Shielding
Magnetic Resonance Design (“Open-Bore” and “Closed-Bore” Systems) and Field Strength
Imaging Selection
Integration of Intraoperative Navigation and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Operating Room-Magnetic Resonance integrations
Dedicated Operating Room-Magnetic Resonance Environment
Dedicated Low-Field System
Dedicated High-Field System
Shared Resources and Multimodal Imaging Operating Room Concepts
Summary
Conclusion
Surgical Management of Brain and Skull Base Tumors
Part One. Intra-Axial Tumors
CHAPTER 3. Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional Tractography
The Science of Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography
Rationale for Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Surgical Neuro-oncology
Preoperative Use
Intraoperative Use
Postoperative Use
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Other Contexts
Limitations of Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Future Directions
Chapter 4. Intraoperative Neurophysiology: A Tool to Prevent and/or Document Intraoperative Injury to the Nervous System
Supratentorial Surgery
Subcortical Stimulation
Brain Stem Surgery
Spinal and Spinal Cord Surgery
Surgery of the Lumbosacral Nervous System
Chapter 5. Cortical and Subcortical Brain Mapping
Introduction
Preoperative Neurocognitive Assessment in Glioma Patients: A Necessary Baseline
Limitations of Functional Neuroimaging for Individual Preoperative Mapping
The Gold Standard: Intraoperative Cognitive Monitoring and Cortical-Subcortical Stimulation Mapping in Awake Patients
Mapping the Connectome: What We Have Learned from Intraoperative Electrostimulation Mapping
New Insights Into Neuroplasticity Gained from Intraoperative Electrostimulation Mapping and Surgical Applications
Outcome After Awake Craniotomy With Intraoperative Electrical Mapping
Conclusions and Perspectives
Chapter 6. Chemotherapy for Brain Tumors
Factors Influencing the Delivery of Chemotherapy to the Brain
Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Strategies to Overcome Resistance
Strategies to Improve Drug Delivery to Treat Brain Tumors
Chemotherapy for Various Central Nervous System Tumors
Immunotherapies
Chapter 7. Current Surgical Management of High-Grade Gliomas: New and Recurrent
Introduction
Presentation and Preoperative Symptom Management
Radiological Imaging Studies
Surgical Objectives
Surgical Considerations by Tumor Location
Surgical Adjuncts to for Maximizing Safe Surgical Resection
Surgery for Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas
Summary
Chapter 8. Low(er) Grade Gliomas: Surgical Treatment
Introduction
Rationale of Surgical Treatment
The Concept of Functional Neuro-Oncology: Resection According to Functional Boundaries
Decision for Surgery
Conclusions
Chapter 9. Management of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Management of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in Immunocompetent Patients
Chapter 10. Cerebellar Tumors in Adults
Clinical Presentation
Imaging
Tumor Subtypes
Surgical Management
Other Surgical Approaches to the Posterior Fossa
Complications
Chapter 11. Surgical Management of Cerebral Metastases
Magnitude of the Problem
Treatment Goals: Advantages of Surgical Resection
Patient Selection
Surgical Technique
Outcomes After Surgical Resection
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy
Part Two. Sellar and Parasellar Lesions
Chapter 12. Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Sellar, Parasellar, and Suprasellar Surgery
Introduction
Surgical Anatomy
Surgical Indications
Surgical Procedures
Closure Techniques
Postoperative Management
Complications and Avoidance
Outcomes
Chapter 13. Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Lateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions
Introduction
Anatomy
Surgical Indications
Equipment and Preoperative Planning
Positioning and Preparation
Approach
Intradural Access
Closure
Postoperative Care
Clinical Example
Surgical Outcomes
Conclusions
Chapter 14. Medical Management of Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors
Introduction
Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Tumors (Prolactinomas)
Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors (Acromegaly)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors (Cushing Disease)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors
Chapter 15. Endoscopic Endonasal Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery
Preoperative Management and Surgical Indications
Pertinent Sinonasal Anatomy
Optical Advantages of an Endoscope
Surgical Equipment
Surgical Results
Potential Complications
Pros and Cons of the Endoscopic Endonasal Technique
Conclusions
Chapter 16. Transcranial Surgery for Pituitary Macroadenomas
Introduction and Epidemiology
Specific Indications
Diagnosis and Workup
Aims of Surgery
Pterional
Orbito-Zygomatic Craniotomy
Bifrontal/Extended-Bifrontal
Supra-Orbital (Keyhole)
Combined Approaches
Complications
Chapter 17. The Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas
Surgical Technique
Surgical Considerations Based on Craniopharyngioma Type
Conclusion
Part Three. Intraventricular Tumors & Deep-Seated Lesions
Chapter 18. Minimally Invasive Surgeries for Deep-Seated Brain Lesions
Introduction
Indications for Tubular Retractors
Conclusions
Chapter 19. Surgical Approaches to Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors
Lateral Ventricles
Surgical Options
The Third Ventricle
Complications
Conclusion
Chapter 20. Transcallosal and Endoscopic Approach to Intraventricular Brain Tumors
Introduction
Patient Selection
Equipment
Endoscopic Tumor Procedures
Colloid Cyst Extirpation
Comparison Between Open Craniotomy and Neuroendoscopic Approaches
Summary
Chapter 21. Management of Pineal Region Tumors
History
Clinical Features
Preoperative Considerations
Surgical Approaches
Postoperative Care
Outcomes
Chapter 22. Management of Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle
Anatomy
Surgical Technique
Specific Tumors
Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics
Conclusion
Part Four. Extra-Axial and Posterior Tumors
Chapter 23. Surgical Management of Parasagittal and Convexity Meningiomas
Epidemiology and Significance
Etiology
Molecular Biology
Anatomic Classification
Clinical Presentation
Indications for Surgery
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Care and Complications
Outcomes and Follow-Up
Chapter 24. Surgical Approach to Falcine Meningiomas
Symptoms and Presentation
Radiographic Findings
Operative Technique
Postoperative Care
Summary
Chapter 25. Surgical Management of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas
Surgical Anatomy
Clinical Presentation
Evaluation of Radiologic Studies in Planning the Operation
General Aspects of Surgical Management
Bifrontal Approach
Unilateral Subfrontal Approach
Supraorbital Approach
Endonasal Approach
Disclosure
Chapter 26. Supraorbital Approach Variants for Intracranial Tumors
Orbital Anatomy
Experimental Analysis of the Supraorbital Approach in Cadavers
Intracranial Surgical Access and Its Variants
Benefits and Limitations
Chapter 27. Surgical Management of Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas
Anatomic Observations
Classification
Clinical Course
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications and Results
Chapter 28. Surgical Management of Cavernous Lesions
Surgical Methods and the History
Meningeal Anatomy and Location of Lesions
Parasellar Tumors and Surgical Approaches
Chapter 29. Surgical Management of Lesions of the Clivus
Anatomy of the Clivus
Philosophy of the Approaches
Pathologies of the Clivus
Surgical Approaches
Chapter 30. Surgical Management of Posterior Fossa Meningiomas
Introduction and Classification
Surgical Anatomy of the Posterior Fossa
Preoperative Studies
Intraoperative Monitoring
Surgical Management
Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 31. Surgical Management of Tumors of the Foramen Magnum
Introduction
Intradural Exposure
Results
Comments
Chapter 32.1. Multimodal Treatment of Orbital Tumors
Orbital Anatomy
Chapter 32.2. Surgical Approaches to the Orbit
Chapter 33. Surgical Management of Parasellar Meningiomas
Introduction
Definition and Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management Considerations
Surgical Approaches
Radiation Treatment
Conclusion
Chapter 34. The OZ Chapter: Original OZ, Modified for Parietal, Modified for Frontal, Cosmetic Results of the OZ
Historical Aspects
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
Part Five. Cerebellopontine and Angle Tumors
Chapter 35. Suboccipital Retrosigmoid Surgical Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
Introduction
Preoperative Radiological Assessment
Patient Preparation and Surgical Position
Anatomical Landmarks and Skin Incision
Craniotomy and Dural Stage
Cisternal Stage
Reconstruction
Postoperative Radiological Assessment
Management of Complications
Intraoperative Electrophysiological Monitoring
Conclusions
Chapter 36. Translabyrinthine and Transtemporal Approaches to Posterior Cranial Fossa Lesions
Translabyrinthine Approach
Surgical Anatomy
Preparation for Surgery
Surgical Procedure
Postoperative Management and Complications
Conclusions
Anterior Transpetrosal Approaches
Posterior Transpetrosal Approaches
Combined Approaches
Conclusions
Chapter 37. Hearing Prosthetics: Surgical Techniques
Hearing Loss
Bone-Anchored Implants
Cochlear Implants
Hybrid Systems
Auditory Brain Stem Implants
Conclusion
Vascular Diseases
Part One. Open Treatment
Chapter 38. Bypass Techniques
Introduction
History of Cerebral Bypass
Indications
Indirect Bypass
Preoperative Considerations
Perioperative/Intraoperative Considerations
Operative Technique
Illustrative Case
Conclusion
Chapter 39. Previously Coiled Aneurysms
Introduction
Management
Conclusion
Chapter 40. Surgical Management of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease
Surgical Technique
Surgery
Special Situations
Conclusions
Summary
Chapter 41. Management of Dissections of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
Introduction
Pathophysiology and Histopathology
Epidemiology
Radiographic Diagnosis
Extracranial Carotid Artery Dissection
Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection
Intracranial Arterial Dissection
Chapter 42. Management of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Natural History (Table 42.1)
Scoring Schemes for Rupture Risk Prediction of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Aneurysm Detection
Indications for Treatment
Treatment Options
Follow-Up After Treatment
Screening for Intracranial Aneurysms
Conclusion
Chapter 43. Surgical Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Presentation by Location
Evaluation
Acute Rehemorrhage
Management
Specific Surgical Techniques
Prognostication, Long-Term Outcome, and Management
Conclusion
Chapter 44. Surgical Management of Cerebellar Stroke—Hemorrhage and Infarction
Introduction
Relevant Anatomy
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Radiologic Evaluation
Initial Management
Indications and Timing for Surgical Intervention
Surgical Intervention
Cases
Conclusion
Chapter 45. Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya Disease in Adults
Introduction
Clinical Findings and Preoperative Assessment
Diagnostic Criteria and Neuroimaging
Emergency Treatment
Treatment in the Chronic Stage
Chapter 46. Surgical Treatment of Paraclinoid Aneurysms
Incidence
Anatomic Aspects
Classification
Surgical Technique
Preoperative Planning
Multiple Aneurysms
Results
Complications
Summary
Chapter 47. Surgical Management of Posterior Communicating, Anterior Choroidal, and Carotid Bifurcation Aneurysms
Embryology of the Internal Carotid Artery
Diagnosis, Preoperative Planning, and Patient Selection
Anatomical and Clinical Considerations
Operative Procedure and Complication Avoidance
Chapter 48. Surgical Management of Anterior Communicating and Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
Anatomy
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Imaging
Preoperative Management
Microsurgical Management
Postoperative Management
Chapter 49. Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery
Incidence of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
Anatomy
Principles of Neuroanesthesia
General Strategies
Microsurgical Treatment
Special Considerations for Different Locations and Orientations Along the Middle Cerebral Artery
Treatment of Complex Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
Endovascular Treatment
Outcome After Treatment of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
Chapter 50. Surgical Management of Terminal Basilar and Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
Background
Neuroanesthesia
Surgical Strategies for Basilar Apex Aneurysms
Approaches for Basilar Apex Aneurysms
Posterior Carotid Artery Aneurysms
Endovascular Therapy for the Management of Aneurysms at the Basilar Apex
Conclusions
Chapter 51. Surgical Management of Midbasilar and Lower Basilar Aneurysms
Background
Principles of Management
Extended Retrosigmoid Approach
Transpetrosal Approaches
Far-Lateral Approach
Combined Supratentorial–Infratentorial Approaches
Anterior Transclival Approaches
Endovascular Management
Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 52. Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Complex
Epidemiology
Aneurysmal Characteristics
Historical Background
Neuroradiologic Imaging
Clinical Presentation
Management
The Authors’ Series
Illustrative Cases
Chapter 53. Far-Lateral Approach for Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms
Introduction
Relevant Anatomy
Anesthetic Considerations
Surgical Technique
Case Illustrations
Conclusions
Chapter 54. Surgical Management of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
Pathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Presentation
Radiographic Evaluation
Natural History
Indications for Treatment
Management Options
Comprehensive Management Strategy
Outcome and Complications of Treatment
Summary
Chapter 55. Surgical Management of Cavernous Malformations of the Nervous System
Pathologic Features
Radiologic Features
Familial Occurrence and Genetics
Clinical Presentation
Natural History
Management Considerations
Cavernous Malformation of the Cerebrum
Cavernous Malformation of the Brain Stem
Cavernous Malformation of the Cerebellum
Cavernous Malformation of the Cranial Nerves
Cavernous Malformation of the Spinal Cord
Conclusions
Chapter 56. Surgical Management of Brainstem and Cerebellar Arteriovenous Malformations
Introduction
Anatomy and Classification
Epidemiology and Natural History
Clinical Presentation
Postoperative Management
Surgical Results
Complications
Conclusion
Chapter 57. Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Introduction
History
Classification
Arteriovenous Malformations
Treatment
When and How to Treat an Arteriovenous Malformation
Grade I Arteriovenous Malformations
Grade II Arteriovenous Malformations
Grade III Arteriovenous Malformations
Treatment of grade III AVMs:
Treatment of Grade IV AVMs
Cerebral Proliferative Angiopathy
The Surgeon
Preparation for Surgery
The Operating Room
Surgical Technique
Surgery
Endovascular Surgery
Radiosurgery
Chapter 58. Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms
Conventional Coiling of a Simple Saccular Aneurysm
Coiling of Wide-Neck Aneurysms
Complications of Endovascular Coiling and Their Treatment
Part Two. Endovascular Treatment
Chapter 59. Endovascular Treatment of Stroke
Background
Traditional Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
Evolution of Endovascular Stroke Therapy
Clinical Trials for Mechanical Thrombectomy
Clinical Evaluation in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Standard Endovascular Approach
Endovascular Methods of Revascularization
Post-Procedural Care
Conclusion
Chapter 60. Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Pretherapeutic Evaluation
Endovascular Technique
Goals of Treatment and Outcomes
Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 61. Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Occlusive Disease
Introduction
Natural History
Pathophysiology
Classification
Medical Management
Evolution and Results of Endovascular Therapy
Endovascular Therapy versus Best Medical Therapy
Clinical Evaluation
Preoperative Imaging
Techniques of Angioplasty and/or Stenting
Antiplatelet Therapy
Anesthesia
Anticoagulation Therapy
Postprocedure Management
Recognition and Management of Intracranial Complications
Outcomes
Durability and Rates of Restenosis
Fractional Flow Reserve and Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio
Moyamoya Disease
Conclusion
Chapter 62. Endovascular Treatment of Extracranial Occlusive Disease
Introduction
Evidence
Preoperative Evaluation and Management
Anesthesia and Intraoperative Monitoring
Procedure
Postoperative Care
Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 63. Embolization of Tumors: Brain, Head, Neck, and Spine
Broad Principles of the Arterial Supply
Tumors of the Head and Neck
Tumors of the Spine
General Considerations in Craniospinal Embolization
Conclusion
Chapter 64. Endovascular Management of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
Introduction
Transarterial Embolization
Cyanoacrylic Glue Techniques
Onyx Techniques
Transvenous Embolization
Outcomes of Transarterial Embolization With n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate
Outcomes of Transarterial Embolization With Onyx
Outcomes of Transarterial Embolization With PHIL and Squid
Outcomes of Transvenous Embolization of Indirect CCF
Conclusions
Chapter 65. Endovascular Management of Spinal Vascular Malformations
Spinal Vascular Anatomy
Classification of Spinal Vascular Malformations
Clinical Presentation and Natural History
Endovascular Management
Endovascular Treatment
Endovascular Technique
Conclusions
Case Illustrations
Chapter 66. Endovascular Treatment of Head and Neck Bleeding
Evaluating Effects of Ischemia
Blunt and Penetrating Injuries of the Head
Blunt and Penetrating Injuries of the Neck
Conclusions
Chapter 67. Imaging Evaluation and Endovascular Treatment of Vasospasm
Clinical Assessment
Diagnostic Imaging
Medical Therapies for Cerebral Vasospasm
Overview of Endovascular Therapies for Cerebral Vasospasm
Intra-Arterial Vasodilator Infusion
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Phosphodiesterase Isoenzymes
Other Pharmacologic Agents Under Investigation
Transluminal Balloon Angioplasty
Combination Therapy
Conclusions
Section Three. Operative Techniques in Pediatric Neurosurgery
Chapter 68. Posterior Fossa Tumors in the Pediatric Population: Multidisciplinary Management
Introduction
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnostic Evaluation
Surgery
Specific Tumors
Treatment
Prognosis and Outcome
Recurrence
Pathology and Genetics
Treatment
Prognosis and Outcome
Recurrence
Pathology and Genetics
Treatment
Prognosis and Outcome
Recurrence
Pathology and Genetics
Treatment
Prognosis and Outcome
Recurrence
Long-Term Sequalae and Functional Outcome
Conclusion
Chapter 69. Supratentorial Tumors in the Pediatric Population: Multidisciplinary Management
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Imaging
Low-grade Glioma
Tumors
Optic Pathway Gliomas
Thalamic Glioma
Pediatric High-grade Gliomas
Pineal Tumors
Intraventricular Tumors
Epidemiology
Intraventricular Pathology—Lateral Ventricles
Chapter 70. Pediatric Brain Stem Tumors
Introduction
Pediatric Brainstem Low-Grade Glioma
Pediatric Brainstem High-Grade Glioma
Conclusion
Chapter 71. Mapping, Disconnection, and Resective Surgery in Pediatric Epilepsy
Mapping
Disconnection
Conclusion
CHAPTER 72. Surgical Decision-Making and Treatment Options for Chiari Malformations in Children
Introduction
Surgical Technique
Conclusions
Chapter 73. Fetal Surgery for Open Neural Tube Defects
Rationale for Fetal Repair
Timing for Fetal Surgery
Hysterotomy and Exposure
Surgical Repair of the Defect
Results
Conclusion
Chapter 74. Surgical Management of Spinal Dysraphism
Open Spinal Dysraphism
Spinal Cord Lipomas
Split Cord Malformations
Terminal Myelocystocele
Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis
Chapter 75. Revascularization Techniques in Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disorders
Moyamoya Syndrome
Radiographic
Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya
Follow-up
Conclusions
Chapter 76. Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction
Emergency Evaluation and Triage
Technology for Management of Intracranial Hypertension in Pediatric Head Trauma
Surgical Management of Pediatric Neurotrauma
Considerations for Temperature Regulation in Optimizing Outcome
Conclusion
Chapter 77. Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy Surgery for the Treatment of Pediatric Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Treatment of Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Patient Selection
Procedure
Postoperative Course and Complications
Chapter 78. Instrumentation and Stabilization of the Pediatric Spine: Technical Nuances and Age-Specific Considerations
Introduction
Posterior Spinal Instrumentation in the Pediatric Age Group
Anterior Spinal Instrumentation in the Pediatric Age Group
Biomaterials
Long-Term Consequences of Fusion in a Growing Spine
Chapter 79. Methods of Cranial Vault Reconstruction for Craniosynostosis
Scaphocephaly
Trigonocephaly
Anterior Plagiocephaly
Multiple Suture Craniosynostosis
Hydrocephalus in Craniosynostosis
Chiari Malformation in Craniosynostosis
Recurrences
Prognosis
Complications
Chapter 80. Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures in the Pediatric Population
Hydrocephalus
Overview of Treatment Options
Section Four. Abnormalities of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 81. Surgical Management of Hydrocephalus in the Adult
Management of the Adult Treated for Hydrocephalus as a Child
Evaluation and Management of Hydrocephalus Presenting in Adulthood
Deciding When to Treat Hydrocephalus in the Adult
Choices of Techniques for Treating Hydrocephalus
Choices of Shunting Strategy and Shunting Hardware
Technical Aspects in the Treatment of Adult Hydrocephalus
Conclusions
Chapter 82. Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures: Ventriculo-Atrial, Ventriculo-Peritoneal, Ventriculo-Pleural, and Lumbo-Peritoneal Shunts
Extracranial Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion with Implantation of Valvular Systems
Ventriculoatrial Shunt
Surgical Procedure
Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt
Ventriculo-Pleural Shunt
Lumboperitoneal Shunt
Conclusion
Chapter 83. Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy, Cerebral Aqueductoplasty, and Septum Pellucidotomy
Introduction
Historical Background of Neuroendoscopy
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy
Cerebral Aqueductoplasty
Septum Pellucidotomy
Chapter 84. Surgical Management of Cysts: Intraventricular Cysts, Intraventricular Septations, and Extraventricular Arachnoid Cysts
Arachnoid Cysts
Suprasellar Arachnoid Cysts
Conclusions
Chapter 85. Management of Shunt Infections
Introduction
Etiology of Hydrocephalus
Patient Age and Nutritional Status
Surgical Technique
Presentation and Clinical Features of Shunt Infection
Mechanisms for Entry of Bacteria Into Shunts
Treatment
Chapter 86. Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks
Conventions and Definitions
Causes and Epidemiology
Pneumocephalus
Meningitis
Defining and Localizing a Fistula
Anatomic Considerations: Sites of Leakage
High-Pressure Versus Low-Pressure Leaks
Initial Management
Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion
Operative Management
Conclusions
Chapter 87. A Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Medical and Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
Neurovascular Management
Weight Loss Management
Psychosocial Aspects of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Conclusions
Section Five. Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Chapter 88. Radiosurgery for Metastatic Brain Tumors
Introduction
Head Ring Application
Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Image Fusion
Radiosurgery Treatment Planning
Dose Selection
Chapter 89. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Historical Background
Indications
Gamma Knife Technique
CyberKnife
Linear Accelerators
Ideal Dosage and Targeting
Outcomes
Comparison of Radiosurgery as Whole With Other Treatment Modalities
Relevant Considerations of Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Chapter 90. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastases
Rationale for Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
Treatment Planning Overview
Patient/Tumor Assessment Overview
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for De Novo Spine Metastases
Conclusion
Chapter 91. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Adenomas
Introduction
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone–Producing Tumors (Cushing Disease)
Growth Hormone–Producing Tumors
Prolactin-Producing Tumors
Nonfunctional Adenomas
Complications
Summary
Chapter 92. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cavernous Sinus Tumors
Introduction
Meningiomas
Schwannomas
Pituitary Adenomas
Hemangiomas
Chordoma/Chondrosarcoma
Metastatic Disease
Treatment Planning
Conclusion
Chapter 93. Radiation Treatments in the Management of Craniopharyngiomas
Introduction
Surgical Outcomes
Radiation Therapy for Craniopharyngiomas
CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Craniopharyngiomas: Our Experience
Conclusions
Disclosure
Chapter 94. Vestibular Schwannomas: The Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Radiosurgery Technique for Vestibular Schwannomas
Radiosurgical Dose Planning
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Clinical Results
Facial Nerve and Trigeminal Nerve Preservation
Chapter 95. Stereotactic Radiosurgery Meningiomas
Introduction/Background
Cytopathology
Guidelines and Evidence-Based Recommendations
Targeting Update
Irradiation Techniques and Modalities
Radiobiology
Radiosurgery Treatment Outcomes
Special Issues
Future Perspectives
Chapter 96. Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
Introduction
Outcomes After Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
Complications After Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations
Chapter 97. Radiosurgery for Functional Disorders and Epilepsy
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Cluster Headache
Hypophysiolysis for Cancer Pain
Tremor
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Epilepsy
Volume 2
Functional Neurosurgery
Part One. Surgical Management of Medically Intractable Epilepsy
Chapter 98. Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Epilepsy
Introduction
The Science of Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy
Surgical Procedure
Nodular Heterotopias
Illustrative Case
Hypothalamic Hamartomas
Illustrative Case
Corpus Callosotomy
Summary
Chapter 99. Multidisciplinary Presurgical Evaluation for Epilepsy Surgery
Introduction
Phase I Testing: Noninvasive Studies
Neuropsychological Assessment in Surgical Candidates
Hemispheric Dominance for Language
Lateralization of Memory Deficits
Imaging Studies
Invasive Studies
Complications
Chapter 100. Temporal Lobe Operations in Intractable Epilepsy
History
Indications and Patient Selection
Surgical Procedure
Outcomes
Chapter 101. Surgical Management of Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy
Introduction
History
Anterior Thalamic Nucleus Stimulation
Centromedian Thalamic Stimulation
Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation
Other Deep Brain Targets
Patient Selection
Operative Technique
Complications
Closed-Loop Stimulation
Conclusions
Chapter 102. Multilobar Resection and Hemispherectomy in Epilepsy Surgery
Multilobar Resections
Preoperative Evaluation
Presurgical Planning
Anesthetic Considerations
Surgical Technique
Outcome on Seizures
Illustrative Case
Hemispherectomy and Hemispheric Disconnection
Indications
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Techniques
Results
In Memoriam
Chapter 103. Corpus Callosotomy: Indications and Techniques
Modern Indications
Surgical Approaches
Surgical Morbidity
Outcomes
Conclusions
Chapter 104. Extratemporal Epilepsy and Neuromodulation
Introduction
Conclusions
Part Two. Surgical Management of Psychiatric and Movement Disorders
Chapter 105. Implantation of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Under General Anesthesia for Parkinson Disease and Essential Tremor
Introduction
Awake Versus Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation implantation
Safety of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
Accuracy of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
Outcomes of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
Patient Satisfaction With Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
Technique of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
Conclusions
Chapter 106. Cervical Dystonia and Spasmodic Torticollis: Indications and Techniques
History of Dystonic Conditions
Epidemiology
Classification and Etiology
Classification of Dystonic Conditions
Cervical Dystonia
Treatment Strategies
Surgery for Dystonic Conditions
Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonic Conditions
Clinical Overview of Globus Pallidus Internus Deep Brain Stimulation for Cervical Dystonia
Conclusion
Chapter 107. Novel Targets and Techniques in Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders
Introduction
Physiology of the Motor System
Zona Incerta
Pedunculopontine Nucleus
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
Centromedian—Parafascicular Complex
Conclusions
Chapter 108. Molecular Therapies for Movement Disorders
Drug/Chemical Infusions
Growth Factors/Recombinant Proteins
Gene Therapy
Future
Chapter 109. Lesion Procedures for Psychiatric Disorders
Introduction
Historical Background
Other Psychiatric Indications
Conclusion
Chapter 110. Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Psychiatric Illness
Introduction
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Depression
Tourette Syndrome
Issues and Future Directions
Chapter 111. Brain-Computer Interfacing: Prospects and Technical Aspects of Functional Cranial Implants
Background
Introduction
Implantable Neurotechnologies
Neuroprosthetics
Neuroplastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Neuro-Biohacking
Conclusion
Chapter 112. Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy for Hyperhidrosis
History
Anatomy and Physiology
Surgical Treatment
Outcomes
Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 113. Surgery for Intractable Spasticity
Surgical Techniques
Decision-Making in Adults
Decision-Making in Children
Conclusion
Part Three. Surgical Management of Intractable Pain
Chapter 114. Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis in Trigeminal Neuralgia
History
Probable Mechanisms of Action of Glycerol
Indications
Technique
Anatomic Landmarks and Important Structures
Results
Special Considerations in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Glycerol Rhizolysis in the Treatment of Other Types of Facial Pain
Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis Versus Other Operative Treatments for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Conclusion
Chapter 115. Percutaneous Stereotactic Rhizotomy in the Treatment of Intractable Facial Pain
Indications and Patient Selection
Cannulation, Stimulation, and Lesion Production
Results
Discussion
Summary
Chapter 116. Neurovascular Decompression in Cranial Nerves V, VII, IX, and X
Introduction
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Hemifacial Spasm
Trigeminal Neuralgia and Hemifacial Spasm
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Conclusions
Chapter 117. Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain
Introduction and History
Neuropathic Facial Pain and Anesthesia Dolorosa
Failed-Back-Surgery-Syndrome
Conclusion
Chapter 118. Mesencephalic Tractotomy and Anterolateral Cordotomy for Intractable Pain
Mesencephalic Tractotomy
Current Indications for Stereotactic Mesencephalic Tractotomy
Surgical Technique
Results and Complications
Percutaneous Anterolateral Cordotomy
Current Indications for Stereotactic Percutaneous Cordotomy
Surgical Technique
Results and Complications
Future of Neuroablative Stereotactic Pain Procedures
Conclusions
Chapter 119. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain
Background: The Gate Control Concept
Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic/Nociceptive Pain
Moderate Adaptation of Spinal Cord Stimulation Parameters
Indications for Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain
Conclusion
Chapter 120. Spinal Cord Stimulation and Intraspinal Infusions for Pain
Mechanism of Action and Device Characteristics
Intraspinal Infusion Systems
Section Seven. Trauma
Chapter 121. Surgical Management of Severe Closed Head Injury in Adults
Epidemiology
Classification Schemes for Traumatic Brain Injury
Biomechanics of Traumatic Brain Injury
Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhages
Diffuse Axonal Injury: Basic Concepts
Neuroradiologic Diagnostic Methods in Traumatic Brain Injury
Non-Radiologic Diagnostic Methods in Traumatic Brain Injury
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: Indications and Methods
Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
Acute Epidural Hematomas
Acute Subdural Hematomas
Traumatic Parenchymal Lesions
Posterior Fossa Hematomas
Decompressive Craniectomy
Prognosis of Severe Head Injury
Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury: Structural and Functional Properties of Brain Tissue Determining the Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury
Chapter 122. Perioperative Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults
Initial Neurologic Assessment
Traumatic Brain Injury Classification
Cerebral Ischemia
Intracranial Hypertension
Management Paradigms
Traumatic Brain Injury and the Elderly
Neuroprotective Interventions in Traumatic Brain Injury
Chapter 123. Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Current Evidence
Indications and Timing
Prognostic Factors
Preoperative Evaluation
Technique
Complications
Future Directions
Conclusions
Chapter 124. Management of Skull Base Trauma
General Management
Anesthesia and Perioperative Considerations
Graft Repair Options
Skull Base Fractures: Types and Surgical Repair Options
Ancillary Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures
Conclusions
Chapter 125. Surgical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Adults
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Radiologic Evaluation
Twist-Drill Craniostomy
Number of Burr Holes
Postoperative Care
Outcome
Conclusion
Chapter 126. Principles of Neuroplastic Surgery: Management of Scalp Defects and Neurocranial Reconstruction
Introduction
Scalp Anatomy
Neuroplastic Principles for Incision Planning
Neurosurgical Scalp Closure
Evaluation and Treatment Selection
Neuroplastic Classification of Scalp Closure/Reconstruction
Conclusion
Chapter 127. Management of Penetrating and Blast Injuries of the Nervous System
Historical Overview
Pathophysiology
Primary Injury
Initial Management: Basic Advanced Trauma Life Support Guidelines
Penetrating Brain Injury: Specific Medical Management
Post-Traumatic Complications
Section Eight. Surgical Management of Nervous System Infections
Chapter 128. Management of Suppurative Intracranial and After Craniotomy Infections
Introduction
Pathogenesis of Brain Abscess
Clinical Considerations
Bacteriology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis of Brain Abscess
Treatment
Postcraniotomy Infections
Associated Infections
Prognosis
Summary
Chapter 129. Spinal Infections: Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess
Introduction
Epidemiology of Spinal Infection
Risk Factors for Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess
Diagnosis
Treatment
Outcomes
Chapter 130. Neurosurgical Management of HIV-Related Focal Brain Lesions
Introduction
Central Nervous System Involvement in HIV/AIDS Patients
HIV Brain Lesions of an Infectious Etiology
HIV Brain Lesions of a Noninfectious Etiology
Discussion and Conclusions
Chapter 131. Management of Neurocysticercosis
Introduction
Historical Background
Laboratory Studies
Conclusions
Chapter 132. Management of Tuberculous and Fungal Infections of the Nervous System
Management of Tuberculous Infections of the Nervous System
Tuberculomas
Medical Treatment
Tuberculous Spinal Arachnoiditis
Management of Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System
Historical Perspective
Classification and Epidemiology
Routes of Dissemination
Host Susceptibility and Fungal Virulence
Pathogenesis
Pseudomycetes Causing Infections of the Nervous System
Septate Hyphae Causing Infections of the Nervous System
Nonseptate Hyphae Causing Infections of the Nervous System (Phycomycosis, Zygomycosis, Mucormycosis)
Management of Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
Management of Clinical Syndromes Caused Due to Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
Surgical Management238
Antifungal Chemotherapy
Summary
Neurosurgical Management of Spinal Disorders
Part One. Degenerative Spine Disorder
Chapter 133. Treatment Evolution in Management of Cervical Disc Disease
Background
Historical Development
Laminectomy and Laminoplasty
Posterior Foraminotomy
Anterior Discectomy, Arthrodesis, and Arthroplasty
Anterior Foraminotomy and Endoscopic Foraminotomy
Cervical Arthroplasty
Future Trends
Conclusion
Chapter 134. Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy (Jho Procedure): Microscopic or Endoscopic
Introduction
Surgical Indications and Preparation
Surgical Tools and Techniques
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Results
Discussion
Chapter 135. Anterior Approaches for Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis
Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy/Myelopathy: An Overview of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and New Insights
Diagnosis of Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy/Myelopathy
Anterior Surgery for Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis
Conclusion
Chapter 136. Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Microdiscectomy
Preoperative Imaging
Patient Positioning
Localization
Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Approach
Surgical Technique
Closure
Complications
Conclusion
Chapter 137. Disc Replacement Technologies in the Cervical and Lumbar Spine
Background Considerations
General Considerations
Operative Procedure
Chapter 138. Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Introduction
Pathologic Anatomy and Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Patient Presentation and Physical Examination
Radiologic Evaluation
Somatosensory and Motor-Evoked Potential Monitoring
Nonsurgical Treatment
Operative Management
Techniques of Ventral Approach to the Cervical Spine
Complications Associated With Ventral Approach to the Cervical Spine
Techniques of the Dorsal Approach to the Cervical Spine
Results
Conclusions
Chapter 139. Cervical Laminoplasty: Indications and Techniques
Historical Background
Indications and Contraindications
Preoperative Planning and Patient Positioning
Dissection
Laminoplasty Techniques
Pearls and Pitfalls
Postoperative Course
Conclusions
Chapter 140. Circumferential Cervical Spinal Fusion
Pathophysiology
The Rationale for Circumferential Surgery
History
Technique
Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 141. Surgical Techniques in the Management of Thoracic Disc Herniations
Important Concepts
Intraoperative Localization
Description of Individual Procedures
Transsternal Approach to Thoracic Spine (T1-5)
Complications
Conclusion
Chapter 142. Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Discectomy: Indications and Techniques
History
Surgical Anatomy
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Indications
Anesthesia
Surgical Technique
Outcomes and Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 143. Posterior and Posterior Lateral Techniques for Thoracic Disc Herniations
Background
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Conservative and Surgical Management
Historical Evolution of Surgical Technique
Posterior Approaches
Transpedicular Approach
Posterior Lateral Approach
Fusion
Surgical Outcomes
Conclusion
Chapter 144. Anterior and Lateral Approaches for Thoracic Discectomy: Endoscopic and Mini-Open Techniques
Introduction
Anatomic Considerations
Summary
Chapter 145. Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Indications and Techniques
Introduction
Procedure
Outcomes
Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 146. Minimally Invasive Lumbar Discectomy: Indications and Techniques
Introduction
Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy
Tubular Microdiscectomy
Conclusion
Chapter 147. Management of Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniations
Materials and Methods
Other Pathology Contributing to Far Lateral Root Compromise
Neurodiagnostic Evaluations
Conservative Management
Critical Adjuncts to Far Lateral Disc Surgery
Different Facet Resection Techniques
Fusion
Preoperative Psychometric Testing Used for Patient Selection
Outcomes of Far Lateral Disc Surgery
Far Lateral Disc Procedures
Outcomes
Common Errors in Far Lateral Disc Surgery
Outcome Study of Far Lateral Disc Surgery Using SF-36
Chapter 148. Lumbar Spinal Arthroplasty: Clinical Experiences of Motion Preservation
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Total Disc Replacement Surgery
Revision Techniques
Long-Term Follow-Up of Lumbar Total Disc Replacement Patients
Conclusion
Chapter 149. Management of Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Spinal Stenosis With Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
Case Illustrations and Operative Procedures
Conclusions
Chapter 150. Posterior Lumbar Fusion by Open Technique: Indications and Techniques
Introduction
Indications for a Fusion
Assessment Before a Fusion Operation
Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Techniques
Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Monitoring and Lumbar Fusion
Mechanism of Spinal Arthrodesis
Adjuvant Osteoinductive Biological Agents: Bone Morphogenetic Protein
Adjunct External Bone Stimulation
Complications After Fusion Surgery
Bracing Following Fusion
Radiologic Assessment of Successful Fusion
Conclusions
Chapter 151. Percutaneous Placement of Lumbar Pedicle Screws: Indications and Techniques
Introduction
Indications and Preoperative Assessment
Operative Techniques
Outcomes
Results
Case
Discussion
Chapter 152. Dynamic Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine: Indications and Techniques
Regulatory Status
Biomechanical Rationale
System Designs
Surgical Techniques and Complication Management
Conclusions
Chapter 153. Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Patient Selection
Open Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Minimally Invasive Spine Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Complications of Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Conclusion
Chapter 154. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques
Indications
Surgical Technique
Minimally Incisional Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Postoperative Care
Outcomes
Chapter 155. Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Introduction
Patient Selection and Surgical Indications
Preoperative Planning
Decompression Alone Versus Decompression With MI-TLIF
Surgical Technique
Spinal Approach
Illustrative Cases
Conclusion
Chapter 156. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques
Overview
Advantages
Indications
Contraindications
Preoperative Evaluation
Complications
Conclusion
Chapter 157. Lateral Transpsoas and Anteropsoas Interbody Fusion Indications and Techniques
Indications and Contraindications
Clinical Results
Surgical Anatomy
Surgical Technique
Limitations and Potential Complications
Chapter 158. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
Indications
Contraindications
Preprocedure Evaluation
Procedure—Vertebroplasty
Procedure—Kyphoplasty
Risks
Benefits
Future Directions
Part Two. Spine Trauma
Chapter 159. Management of Injuries of the Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord
Epidemiology
Chapter 160. Transoral Approaches to the Cervical Spine
Introduction
Pathology
Anatomy
Preoperative Considerations
Transoral-Transpharyngeal Approach With or Without Palatotomy
Endoscopy in Transoral Surgery
Transoral-Transpharyngeal Plus Maxillary Osteotomy
Transoral-Transpharyngeal Plus Transmandibular Circumglossal Approach
Transcervical Endoscopic Odontoidectomy
Discussion
Chapter 161. Atlantoaxial Instability and Stabilization
Anatomic Considerations in Treating C1 and C2 Injuries
Indications for Fixation
Dorsal Wiring Techniques
Screw Fixation Techniques
Conclusion
Chapter 162. Stabilization of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
Anterior Stabilization Techniques
Posterior Stabilization Techniques
Chapter 163. Thoracolumbar Anterolateral and Posterior Stabilization
Background
Clinical Evaluation
Posterior Stabilization
Anterolateral Approach
Discussion
Chapter 164. Management of Sacral Fractures
Anatomic and Biomechanical Considerations
Classification
Evaluation
Direct Osteosynthesis
Outcomes
Conclusions
Chapter 165. Management of Penetrating Injuries to the Spine
Epidemiology
Ballistics and Pathophysiology
Summary
Part Three. Congenital and Developmental Spinal Abnormalities
Chapter 166. Craniovertebral Abnormalities and Their Neurosurgical Management
History
Embryology and Anatomy With Clinical Implications
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Investigations
Operative Techniques
Chapter 167. Management of Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia
Definition and History
Development
Clinical Characteristics
Diagnostic Evaluation
Surgical Management
Summary
Chapter 168. Management of Occult Spinal Dysraphism in Adults
Embryologic Considerations
Presentation and Physical Examination
Radiographic Assessment
Pathologic Subtypes of Occult Spinal Dysraphism
Surgical Decision Making in Adult Tethered Cord Syndrome
Surgical Outcome
Conclusion
CHAPTER 169. Neurologic Problems of the Spine in Achondroplasia
Causes and Pathophysiology
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Conclusion
Part Four. Spinal Deformity
Chapter 170. Management of Degenerative Scoliosis
Terminology
Clinical Presentation
Radiographic Evaluation
Classification Systems
Management
Outcomes
Complications
Conclusions
CHAPTER 171. Cervical Spinal Deformity
Historical Perspective
Surgical Treatment
Contemporary Treatment of Cervical Deformity
Chapter 172. Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Deformity
Introduction
Classification, Clinical Presentation, and Epidemiology
Radiographic Evaluation
Nonoperative Treatment
Surgical Planning
Goals of Deformity Correction
Operative Treatment
Outcomes
Conclusion
Part Five. Spine Tumors and Infections
Chapter 173. Surgical Management of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults
Introduction
Anatomy
Incidence, Types, and Prognosis
Clinical Considerations
Imaging
Differential Diagnosis
Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Monitoring
Operative Procedure
Outcome
Postoperative Care
Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 174. Surgical Management of Intradural Extramedullary Tumors
Introduction
Histology
Indications
Surgical Considerations
Nerve Sheath Tumors
Dumbbell Tumors
Meningiomas
Filum Terminale Tumors
Postoperative Management
Chapter 175. Management of Spinal Cord Tumors and Arteriovenous Malformations
Introduction
Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors
Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations
Chapter 176. Management of Cauda Equina Tumors
Epidemiology and Pathology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Pediatric Tumors
Conclusion
Disclosures
Chapter 177. Management of Primary Malignant Tumors of the Osseous Spine
Classification
Indications for En Bloc Resection
Preoperative Planning
Operative Techniques
Postoperative Care and Rehabilitation
Complications
Summary
Chapter 178. Surgical Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction
Clinical Features
Preoperative Evaluation
Approach-Related Surgical Anatomy
Cervicothoracic Biomechanics
Choice of Surgical Approach
Anesthetic Considerations
Surgical Techniques
Reconstruction and Stabilization
Discussion and Conclusion
Chapter 179. Surgery for Metastatic Spine Disease
Mechanism of Spread to the Spine
Classification of Spine Tumors
Management
Selecting Patients for Surgical Intervention
Determining the Surgical Approach
Percutaneous Biopsy
Assessing Instability in Spinal Metastatic Disease
Radical Resection
Minimally Invasive Tumor Resection
Spinal Radiosurgery
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
Conclusions
Chapter 180. Surgical Resection of Sacral Tumors
Anatomy
Diagnosis
Pathology
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Care and Complication Avoidance
Conclusions
Part Six. Specific Complications of Spine Surgery
Chapter 181. Surgical Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage After Spinal Surgery
Incidence and Prevalence
Specific Regions and Surgical Approaches
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Summary
Section Ten. Surgical Management of the Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter 182. Peripheral Nerve Injury
Introduction
Nerve Anatomy
Classification Systems of Peripheral Nerve Injury
Clinical Assessment
Operative Management
Mechanisms and Treatment of Specific Nerve Injuries
Chapter 183. Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Introduction
Diffusion and Diffusion Tensor Neurography Techniques
T2-Based Neurography
Classes of Image Findings
Imaging in the Setting of Nerve Entrapment and Pain
Lumbar Foraminal Pathology
Piriformis, Pudendal and Ilioinguinal Pelvic Entrapments
Nerve Trauma
Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury
Follow-Up of Nerve-Grafting Procedures
Nerve Tumors
Imaging of Denervated Muscle
Open MR-Guided Injections for Diagnosis and Treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 184. Management of Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries
Surgical Anatomy
Diagnosis
Case Illustration: Diagnosis
Diagnosis: Electrical and Imaging Studies
Initial Management, Indications, and Timing of Surgery
Case Illustration: Operative Treatment of Stretch Injury
Results
Complications
Future Directions
Chapter 185. Nerve Transfers: Indications and Techniques
Nerve Transfers (Neurotizations)
General Principles: Surgical Technique
Common Presentations: Strategies and Nerve Transfers
Other Rarely Performed Nerve Transfers
Newer Directions
Chapter 186. Management of Median Nerve Compression
Introduction to Median Nerve Compression
Entrapment of the Median Nerve at the Wrist: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the Median Nerve by the Supracondylar Process of the Humerus
Median Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow and in the Forearm
Chapter 187. Management of Ulnar Nerve Compression
History
Anatomy
Etiology of Ulnar Nerve Compression
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Chapter 188. Management of Entrapment Neuropathies
The Physiopathology of Chronic Nerve Compression
Clinical Features
Management of Compressed Nerves
Ulnar Nerve at the Elbow
Ulnar Nerve at the Wrist
Median Nerve in the Axilla
Median Nerve in the Arm
Median Nerve at Pronator Arcade
Anterior Interosseous Syndrome
Radial Nerve at the Arm
Posterior Interosseous Nerve
Superficial Radial Nerve
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh
Common Peroneal Nerve
Tibial Nerve at the Ankle
Sciatic Nerve
“Iatropathic Entrapments”
Chapter 189. Nerve Sheath Tumors Involving the Spine
Introduction
Classification and Pathology
Neurofibromatosis
Tumor Location
Clinical Presentation
Imaging Features
Differential Diagnosis
Surgical Indications
Surgical Approaches
Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors
Complications and Postoperative Care
Illustrative Cases
Conclusions
Chapter 190. Peripheral Nerve Tumors of the Extremities
Presentation
History and Examination
Imaging
Electrophysiologic Studies
Benign Peripheral Nerve Tumors
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Conclusions
Chapter 191. Management of Cranial Nerve Injuries
Traumatic Olfactory Nerve Injury
Traumatic Optic Nerve Injury
Oculomotor Nerve
Trochlear Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Abducens Nerve
Facial Nerve
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Spinal Accessory Nerve
Vernet Syndrome: Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and Spinal Accessory Nerve
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
Collet-Sicard Syndrome: Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accessory, and Hypoglossal Nerves
Neck Surgery and Lower Cranial Nerve Injuries
Chapter 192. Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Treatment
Surgical Anatomy
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Conclusion
Chapter 193. Nerve Reconstruction in Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries
Synopsis
Introduction
Neuropathophysiology
Natural History
Electromyography and Prognosis
Conservative Treatment in the First Few Months of Life
Nerve Surgery
Results of Nerve Surgery
Conclusion
Chapter 194. Robotics in Neurosurgery: Applications, Techniques, and Clinical Benefits
Introduction
Chapter 194. Robotics in Neurosurgery: Applications, Techniques, and Clinical Benefits
Index