Research Methods in Pharmacy Practice

Methods and Applications Made Easy

1st Edition - February 21, 2018
Authors: Zubin Austin, Jane Sutton
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 7 4 2 6 - 4

This is a comprehensive guide to applying research methods to practice problems. It uses case-based examples and activities rooted in practice to support development of kn… Read more

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This is a comprehensive guide to applying research methods to practice problems. It uses case-based examples and activities rooted in practice to support development of knowledge, skills, and confidence in applying evidence-based research methods.

An array of different methodologies and qualitative/quantitative methods are described. Examples of topics include distinction between methodologies and methods, ethics protocols, as well as design/implementation/data analysis/interpretation of findings using methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, observational research,　 database mining, text and document analysis, quality improvement (PDSA cycles), economic (cost/benefit) evaluations.

Cover image
Title Page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Finding Your Way Around This Book
Part I: Introduction
Part II: Quantitative Research: Data Collection & Analysis
Part III: Qualitative Research: Data Collection & Analysis
Part IV: Mixed-Methods Research
Part V: Conclusions
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Dedication
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction to Research in Pharmacy Practice
1.1 Introduction to Research in Pharmacy Practice
1.2 Research, Pharmacists and Evidence-Based Practice
1.3 Understanding the Research Process
1.4 Making a Difference: Research in Pharmacy Practice
1.5 Looking for the Truth: The Realities and Limits of Research
Chapter Summary
2 Planning Your Research
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methodology and Method
2.3 Planning Research
2.4 The Literature Review
2.5 Theoretical Frameworks
2.6 The Research Question
2.7 Case Study Example Research Questions
2.8 Case Study Example Theoretical Framework: the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
Research Resources
3 Levels of Measurement
3.1 What Is Measurement and Why Is It Important?
3.2 Classifying Measurements
3.3 Measurement Errors and Their Consequences
3.4 Reliability and Validity
3.5 Levels of Measurement and Statistics
3.6 Measurement and Qualitative Research
3.7 Differences Amongst People Who Take Part in Research
3.8 Case Study Examples
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
Research Resources
Part II Quantitative Research: Data Collection & Analysis
4 Introduction to Quantitative Research
4.1 Introduction: What Is Quantitative Research?
4.2 Quantitative Research: Key Principles
4.3 Quantitative Research: the Process
4.4 Sandy
4.5 When Do We Use Quantitative Methods?
Chapter Summary
5 Validity and Reliability
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Problem of Accurate Measurement
5.3 Measurement and Health
5.4 Validity
5.5 Reliability
5.6 Triangulation
5.7 Using Previously Validated Measures
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
6 Planning a Survey, Designing Your Questionnaire, and Setting Up a Database
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Different Survey Types and When to Use Them
6.3 Conducting a Survey: The Questionnaire
6.4 Questionnaire Design
6.5 Choosing Your Format
6.6 Working Out the Logistics
6.7 Validity and Reliability Revisited
6.8 Setting Up a Database
6.9 Back to Dorothy
Chapter Summary
Research Resources
7 Participants in Your Research
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Choosing Participants
7.3 Recruitment of Participants
7.4 Data Analysis
7.5 Closing the Loop With Participants
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
8 Experimental Design and Randomised Controlled Trials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Clinical Trials
8.3 Critical Features of Clinical Trials
8.4 Finding Your Participants
8.5 Considering the Output: What Are We Measuring?
8.6 Outcomes and What We Do With Them
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
9 Managing Your Results
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Setting Up a Database
9.3 Before You Start
9.4 Looking for Relationships Between Variables
9.5 Some General Guidelines for Using (and Avoiding Misusing) Statistics
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
10 Descriptive Statistics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Calculating Descriptive Statistics
10.3 Central Tendency and Other Descriptive Statistics
10.4 Visual Representations of Data and How to Use Them
10.5 How Not to Use Descriptive Statistics?
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
11 Inferential Statistics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 What Are Inferential Statistics?
11.3 Statistical Inference
11.4 Parametric and Non-Parametric Data
11.5 Different Types of Inferential Tests
11.6 Distinguishing Between Clinical and Statistical Significance
11.7 Working With Other Researchers
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
Part III Qualitative Research: Data Collection & Analysis
12 Introduction to Qualitative Research
12.1 Introduction
12.2 What Is Qualitative Research?
12.3 Exploring the Personal Worlds of Others
12.4 Getting Started With Qualitative Research
12.5 Some Commonly Applied Methodologies
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
13 Qualitative Interviewing
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Getting Started With Interviews
13.3 Forms of Interview Design
13.4 Developing an Interview Schedule
13.5 Conducting Interviews
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
14 Focus Groups
14.1 Introduction
14.2 How Do Focus Groups Work?
14.3 Focus Group Design and Planning
14.4 Focus Group Implementation
14.5 Developing the Focus Group Topic Guide
14.6 Facilitator Roles and Responsibilities
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
15 Observational Methods
15.1 Introduction
15.2 What Is Observational Research?
15.3 Controlled Observation
15.4 Naturalistic Observation
15.5 Participant Observation (see Chapter 18 for more detail about this form of observation)
15.6 Case Study Research
15.7 Key Principles of Observation
15.8 Keeping Records
Chapter Summary
References
Further Reading
16 Data Analysis and Coding
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Data Collection
16.3 Data Analysis and Management
16.4 Data Synthesis
16.5 Case Study: Serena
Chapter Summary
Reference
Further Reading
17 Data Synthesis and Presentation of Findings
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Synthesis of Findings in Qualitative Research
17.3 The Constant-Comparative Method
17.4 Verification
17.5 Report Planning and Writing
17.6 Case Study: Serena
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
18 Other Qualitative Methods
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Other Qualitative Methods
18.3. Participant-Observer Research
18.4. Action Research
18.5. Grounded Theory
18.6. Case Studies
18.7. the Delphi Method
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
Part IV Mixed-Methods Research
19 Multimethod or ‘Mixed-Methods’ Research
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Programme Evaluation as a Model of Multimethod Research
19.3 The CIPP Model for Programme Evaluation
19.4 The Kirkpatrick Programme Evaluation Model
19.5 Bringing Multimethod Research Together: Case Study (Rosi)
19.6 Applying the Kirkpatrick Programme Evaluation Model
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
Part V Conclusions
20 Research Outputs and Knowledge Translation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 What Are ‘Research Outputs’?
20.3 Disseminating Your Work in Writing
20.4 Vehicles for Disseminating Research Outputs
20.5 From Dissemination to Knowledge Translation
20.6 Evaluating Dissemination Efforts
20.7 A Final Look at Our Case Studies
Chapter Summary
Further Reading
21 Conclusions – For Just Getting Started
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The First Step
21.3 You Are the Next Step
21.4 Getting Buy-in for Your Research From Above – and From Below
21.5 Sometimes, Stuff Costs Money – Getting Funding for Your Research When It Is Needed
Final Conclusions
Student Self-assessment Questions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Glossary
Index

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Zubin Austin

Jane Sutton