Protein and Amino acid nutrition

Contributors

Preface


1. Introduction and Perspectives

I. Vitamins and Amino Acid Metabolism

II. Effect of Some Therapeutic Agents on Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition

References


2. Some Species and Age Differences in Amino Acid Requirements

I. Introduction

II. An Experimental Study

III. Keratin Synthesis in Protein Nutrition

IV. Composition of Tissue Proteins and Amino Acid Requirements for Growth

V. Amino Acid Requirements for Nitrogen Equilibrium in the Adult

VI. A Theory of Protein Metabolism

VII. A Schematic Representation of Protein Metabolism

VIII. Summary

References


3. Individuality of Amino Acid Needs

I. Introduction

II. Genetic Basis for Individuality in Needs

III. Anatomical and Compositional Basis for Individual Needs

IV. Distinctive Amino Acid Patterns

V. Quantitative Data With Respect to Individuality in Needs

VI. Do Individual Needs Differ Qualitatively?

References


4. Utilization of D-Amino Acids

I. Introduction

II. Availability of the D-Amino Acids for Maintenance and Growth

III. Inversion of the D-Amino Acids

IV. Oxidative Deamination as an Inversion Step

V. Dietary Replacement of Essential Amino Acids by α-Keto Acids

VI. Growth Response on Ample Mixtures of the DL-Amino Acids

VII. Toxicity of the D-Amino Acids

VIII. Growth Response on Marginal or Suboptimal Levels of DL- and D-Amino Acids

IX. Reanimation of α-Keto Acids

X. Factors Affecting the Degree of Availability of the D-Amino Acids

References


5. The Efficiency of Utilization of Dietary Proteins

I. Introduction

II. The Dynamic State of Protein Metabolism

III. Maintenance of Nitrogen Equilibrium

IV. Repletion of "Protein Stores"

V. Growth as a Measure of Nutritive Value of Dietary Proteins

References


6. Dietary Proteins and Synthesis of Tissue Proteins

I. Introduction

II. The Effect of Dietary Proteins on the Synthesis of Plasma Proteins

III. The Effect of Dietary Proteins on the Concentration of Plasma Cholinesterase of Rats

IV. The Effect of Dietary Proteins on Repletion of Liver Proteins

V. Discussion

References


7. The Effect of Proteins and Amino Acids on the Growth of Adult Tissue in Vitro

I. Introduction

II. Methods of Obtaining Data

III. Explanation of Tables

IV. Effect of Proteins, Physiological Materials, and Other Substances on Growth

V. Summary of Substances Favoring Adult Cell Growth (Table XI)

VI. Substances Related to Wound Healing (Table XII)

VII. Discussion and Summary

References


8. Food Energy and the Metabolism of Nitrogen

I. Introduction

II. Influence of Total Energy Value of Diets on Protein Metabolism

III. Influence of Nonprotein Calories on Endogenous Nitrogen Metabolism

IV. Summary and Comments

References


9. Methods of Measuring the Nutritive Value of Proteins, Protein Hydrolyzates, and Amino Acid Mixtures. The Repletion Method

I. Introduction

II. Protein Evaluation Methods — Growth and Nitrogen Balance

III. Assay Methods Based on Protein Regeneration

IV. Methods of Chemical Scoring

V. Specificity of Amino Acid Requirements

VI. Racemic Amino Acid Mixtures

VII. Recent Studies with L-Amino Acid Mixtures

VIII. Amino Acid Analogs

IX. Summary

References


10. An Integrated Essential Amino Acid Index for Predicting the Biological Value of Proteins

I. Introduction

II. Empirical Ratings of Proteins Based on Essential Amino Acid Content

III. The Standard of Reference

IV. Derivation of An Integrated Essential Amino Acid Index

V. Limitations of the Essential Amino Acid Index

VI. Special Applications of the Essential Amino Acid Index

VII. Summary

References


11. Criteria of Protein Nutrition

I. Anthropometry

II. Blood Proteins

III. Nitrogen Balance

IV. Other Methods

References


12. The Amino Acid Requirements of Animals

I. Introduction

II. Young Fowls

III. Adult Fowls

IV. Young Swine

V. Sheep

VI. Fishes

VII. Summary

References


13. Amino Acid Supplementation of Foods and Feeds

I. Introduction

II. General Principle of Amino Acid Supplementation of Foods and Feeds

III. Factors Affecting Amino Acid Supplementation of Foods and Feeds

IV. Methods for Evaluation of Amino Acid Supplementation of Foods and Feeds: Comments on Selected Procedures

V. Examples of Supplementation of Foods and Feeds with the First Limiting Amino Acid

VI. Conclusions

References


14. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements of Children

I. The First Year of Life

II. Preadolescence

III. Adolescence

References


15. Amino Acid Requirements of Young Adults

I. Introduction

II. Background

III. Quantitative Studies of Young Women

IV. Conclusion

References


16. Nutritional Needs of the Aged

I. Introduction

II. Physiology as Related to Aging in Man and Animals

III. Protein Nutrition in Old Age

IV. Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Aged and its Relation to Protein Metabolism

V. Blood Lipids and Cholesterol and Their Relation to Protein Metabolism

VI. General Discussion

VII. Summary

References

Author Index

Subject Index