Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy

5th Edition - December 21, 2019
Authors: Charles M. Washington, Dennis T Leaver, Megan Trad
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 5 9 6 9 5 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 5 9 6 9 6 - 1

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Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Reviewers
Preface
Acknowledgments
Unit I. Introduction
1. Cancer: An Overview
Patient Perspective
Biologic Perspective
Etiology and Epidemiology
Detection and Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Prognosis
Clinical Trials
The Radiation Oncology Team
Summary
2. The Ethics and Legal Considerations of Cancer Management
The Case for Ethics in Radiation Therapy
Ethical Aspects of Cancer Management
Patient Autonomy and Informed Consent
Dying Patients and Their Families
Medical-Legal Aspects of Cancer Management
Legal Doctrines
Risk Management
Medical Records
Summary
3. Patient Assessment
Patient Assessment Defined
Interprofessional Approach to the Assessment of Cancer Patients
Summary
4. Overview of Radiobiology
Interaction of Radiation and Matter
Cellular Response to Radiation
Cell Survival Curves
Radiosensitivity
Systemic Response to Radiation
Total-Body Response to Radiation
Late Effects of Radiation
Radiation Therapy
Present Status of Radiation Therapy
Summary
5. Detection and Diagnosis
Introduction to Detection and Diagnosis
Patient Interviews as a Diagnostic Tool
Medical Record and Medical History
Physical Examination
Screening
Laboratory Studies
Medical Imaging
Cancer Diagnosis (Biopsy)
Staging Systems
Summary
6. Medical Imaging
Introduction
Historic Overview
Medical Imaging Technology Overview
X-Ray Production
X-Ray Interactions With (Body) Matter
Technical Factors and Image Characteristics
An Overview of Early Advances in Imaging Modalities
Imaging Modalities in Radiation Therapy
Nuclear Medicine Imaging
Image Quality
Intravenous Contrast Agents Used in Medical Imaging
Summary
7. Treatment Delivery Equipment
Overview of Treatment Delivery Equipment
Equipment Development
Characteristics of Kilovoltage X-Ray Equipment
Clinical Applications of Kilovoltage Equipment
Megavoltage Equipment
Summary
8. Treatment Procedures
Radiation Oncology Record
Treatment Session Preparation
The Treatment Room
The Patient
Patient Transfers
Patient Position, Isocenter, and Field Placement
Verification Imaging (Isocenter)
Beam Position and Shape
Portal Verification Imaging
Beam-Modifying Devices
Assess and Accept Treatment Parameters
Treatment Delivery
Treatment Techniques
Electron Beam
Summary
9. Infection Control in the Radiation Oncology Facilities
Infection Control in Radiation Oncology Facilities
Isolation Fundamentals
Rights of the Healthcare Worker
Role of the Central Services Department
Sterilization and Disinfection Techniques
Sterility Quality Control Measures
Summary
10. Infection Control: Health and Safety
Health and Safety
Definitions
Regulatory Agencies and Public Oversight
Infection Cycle and Disease Phases
Transmission Routes
Defense Mechanisms
Drug use and Drug-Resistant Microorganisms
Healthcare Facility Epidemiology
Personnel and Student Health Services and Pertinent Infectious Diseases
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Summary
11. Pharmacology and Drug Administration
Drug Legislation and Standardization
Drug Nomenclature and Terminology
Pharmacologic Principles
Variables that Affect Patient Response
Professional Drug Assessment and Management
Drug Categories Relevant to Radiation Therapy
Contrast Media
Administration of Contrast Media
Routes of Drug Administration
Intravenous Administration
Legal Aspects
Summary
Unit II. Physics, Simulation, and Treatment Planning
12. Applied Mathematics Review
Review of Mathematical Concepts
Practical Examples of Mathematics in Radiation Therapy
Summary
13. Introduction to Radiation Therapy Physics
Radiation Quantities and Units
Atomic Physics
Electromagnetic Radiation
Radioactivity
Photon Interactions
Other Particle Interactions
Summary
14. Aspects of Brachytherapy
Historic Overview
What is Brachytherapy?
Source Specification
Radioactive Decay
Temporal Considerations
Brachytherapy Applications
Exposure From A Radioactive Source
Classical Systems
Dose Calculations in Brachytherapy
Clinical Examples
Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance
Electronic Brachytherapy
Summary
15. Advanced Procedures
Introduction
Image-Guided Radiation Therapy
Respiratory Motion Management
Magnetic Resonance–Guided Radiation Therapy
Stereotactic Radiation Therapy
Heavy Charged Particle Treatment
Innovation to Practice: A Perspective of the Future
Artificial Intelligence
Summary
16. Particle Therapy
Introduction
Historic Perspective
General Particle Therapy Principles
Simulation
Treatment Planning Considerations
Treatment Delivery
Quality Assurance
Summary
17. Radiation Safety and Protection
Introduction
Units
Natural Background Radiation
Foundations
Regulators
Dose Limits
Personnel Monitoring
Radiation Measurement
Brachytherapy
Teletherapy
Shielding Design
Safety Devices
Summary
18. Culture of Safety in Radiation Oncology
Motivation
Leadership
Culture of Safety
Improvement Cycles
Summary
19. Quality Improvement in Radiation Oncology
Introduction
Evolution of Quality Improvement
Quality Improvement Models
Regulating Agencies
Definitions
Standards
Clinical Aspects of Quality Control and Improvement
Continuous Quality Improvement Implementation
Summary
20. Surface and Sectional Anatomy
Perspective
Related Imaging Modalities Used in Simulation and Tumor Localization
Anatomic Positioning
Body Cavities
Body Habitus
Lymphatic System
Axial Skeleton: Skull, Vertebral Column, and Thorax
Surface and Sectional Anatomy and Landmarks of the Head and Neck
Surface and Sectional Anatomy and Landmarks of the Thorax and Breast
Surface and Sectional Anatomy and Landmarks of the Abdomen and Pelvis
Applied Technology
Summary
21. Computed Tomography Simulation Procedures
Introduction
Historic Perspective
Simulation Procedures
Computed Tomography Simulation Procedures
Contrast Agents
Patient Positioning in the Computed Tomography Scanner
Computed Tomography Topograms
Computed Tomography Data Acquisition
Methods of Simulation With Computed Tomography Images
Patient Marking System
Documenting Data
Use of Four-Dimensional computed Tomography in Virtual Simulation
Room Design
Quality Assurance
Summary
22. Photon Dosimetry Concepts and Calculations
Radiation Therapy Prescription
Concepts Used in Photon Beam Dose Calculations
Tissue Absorption Factors
Practical Applications of Photon Beam Dose Calculations
Source-Skin Distance (Nonisocentric) Treatment Calculations
Linear Accelerator Nonisocentric Monitor Unit Setting Calculations
Extended Distance Calculations With Percentage Depth Dose and Source-Skin Distance Treatment
Source-Axis Distance (Isocentric) Calculations
Unequal Beam Weighting
Separation of Adjacent Fields
Summary
23. Photon Dose Distributions
Photon Dose Distributions
Treatment Planning Essentials
Summary
24. Electronic Charting and Image Management
Introduction
Computerization, the Early Electronic Medical Record
Radiation Oncology Electronic Medical Records
Access and Mobility
Electronic Medical Records, the Next Generation
Summary
Unit III. Practical Applications
25. Bone, Cartilage, and Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Disease Management Profile
Bone and Cartilage Tumors
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Summary
26. Leukemias and Lymphomas
Introduction
Lymphomas
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Leukemia
Summary
27. Endocrine System Tumors
Thyroid Cancer
Adrenal Cortex Tumors
Results of Treatment
Adrenal Medulla Tumors
Role of the Radiation Therapist
Summary
28. Respiratory System Tumors
Cancer of the Respiratory System
Natural History
Epidemiology
Etiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Clinical Presentation
Detection and Diagnosis
Pathology
Staging
Patterns of Spread
Treatment Considerations
Simulation and Treatment Planning
Role of the Radiation Therapist
Summary
29. Head and Neck Cancers
Natural History
Treatment Considerations
Site-Specific Study of Cancers of the Head and Neck
Radiation Therapy for Regions of the Oral Cavity
The Pharynx Region
Radiation Therapy for Regions of the Pharynx
The Larynx Region
Radiation Therapy for Regions of the Larynx
The Salivary Glands
Radiation Therapy for Regions of the Salivary GlandS
The Paranasal Sinuses
Radiation Therapy for Regions of the Paranasal Sinuses
Management of Symptoms and Morbidity
Role of the Radiation Therapist
Future Directions
Summary
30. Central Nervous System Tumors
Cancer of the Central Nervous System
Summary
31. Digestive System Tumors
Colorectal Cancer
Anal Cancer
Esophageal Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Summary
32. Gynecological Tumors
Anatomy
Cervical Cancer
Endometrial Cancers
Ovarian Cancer
Vulvar Cancers
Vaginal Cancer
Role of the Radiation Therapist
Summary
33. Male Reproductive and Genitourinary Tumors
Prostate
Penis and Male Urethra
Urinary Bladder
Testis
Kidney
Summary
34. Breast Cancer
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Anatomy
Clinical Presentation
Detection and Diagnosis
Pathology
Staging
Prognostic and Predictive Factors
Treatment Management
Radiation Therapy
35. Pediatric Solid Tumors
Brain Tumors
Retinoblastoma
Neuroblastoma
Wilms Tumor
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Miscellaneous Childhood Tumors
Palliative Radiation
Role of the Radiation Therapist
Summary
36. Skin Cancers and Melanoma
Skin Cancers and Melanoma
Summary
Glossary
Index

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Charles M. Washington

Dennis T Leaver

Megan Trad