Polymer Fractionation

Contents

List of Contributors v

Preface

Chapter A. Theoretical Considerations

I. Polydispersity of High Polymers

II. Phase Relations for Polydisperse Systems

III. Fractionation Theory

IV. Fractionation Efficiency

References

Chapter B.l. Fractional Precipitation

I. Nonsolvent Addition Method

II. Fractionation by Solvent Evaporation

III. Fractionation by Cooling

References

Chapter B.2. Fractional Solution

I. Introduction

II. Theoretical Considerations

III. Experimental Methods

IV. Factors in Column Elution—Guiding Principles for Experimental Fractionation

V. Comparison between Fractional Solution Methods

VI. Possible Areas for Future Research

References

Chapter B.3. Chromatographic Fractionation

I. Introduction

II. Apparatus

III. Column Operation

IV. Specific Fractionations

V. Theoretical Considerations and Comparison with Other Methods

VI. Preparatory-Scale Fractionation

References

Chapter B.4. Gel Permeation Chromatography

I. Introduction

II. History of Gel Permeation Chromatography

III. The Theory of Gel Permeation Chromatography

IV. The Gels

V. Experimental Technique

VI. Evaluation of Data

References

Chapter B.5. Thermal Diffusion

I. History

II. Basic Theory

III. Studies of the Variables

IV. Polymer Fractionations

V. Methods of Fractionation

References

Chapter C.l. Turbidimetric Titration

I. Introduction

II. Outline of the Method and Range of Application

III. Elaboration of the Method

IV. Apparatus

V. Evaluation

VI. Application

References

Chapter C.2. Sedimentation

I. Introduction

II. Theory

III. Experimental

IV. Sedimentation Velocity

V. Sedimentation Equilibrium

References

Chapter C.3. Isothermal Diffusion

I. Introduction

II. Theory: The Differential Equation of Diffusion and Three Solutions

III. Experimental Methods for the Determination of Diffusion Constants

IV. Theory : Determination of Molecular Heterogeneity

V. Methods for the Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient Distribution

VI. Experimental Results

VII. Critical Remarks

References

Chapter C.4. Summative Fractionation

I. The Summative Method

II. Mathematical Interpretation of Summative Data

III. Precipitating Power of Varying Compositions of Acetone-Water Precipitants

References

Chapter C.5. Rheological Methods

I. Introduction to the Problem

II. Parameter Methods

III. Evaluation of Flow Curves

IV. Evaluation of Relaxation Measurements

V. Miscellaneous Methods

References

Chapter D. Chemical Inhomogeneity and its Determination

I. Causes for the Chemical Inhomogeneity of Macromolecular Compounds

II. Determination of Chemical Inhomogeneity

III. Quantitative Description of Chemical Inhomogeneity

IV. Literature Survey

References

Chapter E. Treatment of Data

I. Introduction

II. Methods of Expressing Molecular Weight Distribution

III. Calculation of Molecular Weight Distribution from Fractionation Data

IV. Calculation of Molecular Weight Distribution from Average Molecular Weight Measurements

V. Comparison of Methods

Appendix: Numerical Illustrations

References

Chapter F. The Numerical Analysis and Kinetic Interpretation of Molecular Weight Distribution Data

I. Introduction

II. On the Prediction of Molecular Weight Distributions from Kinetic Schemes

III. Numerical Methods in the Handling of Molecular Weight Distribution Data

Appendix to Chapter F

References

Chapter G. Additional Methods of Fractionation

Text

References

Appendix to Chapter G

References to Appendix

Author Index

Subject Index