Plant Peroxisomes

Plant Peroxisomes deals with the biogenesis of plant peroxisomes and its relevance to the proposed model for peroxisome biogenesis in germinated seeds. The book is divided into seven chapters that discuss the history, cytochemistry, morphology, properties, isolation, metabolism, enzymology, and ontogeny of plant peroxisomes. The book first explains how advances in electron microscopy and cell fractionation studies have led to the detection of peroxisome. The subsequent chapters discuss the types and metabolic functions of plant peroxisomes and the cytochemical procedures for establishing the localization of specific enzymes and for analyzing peroxisome distribution in nonflowering plants, algae, and fungi. A chapter presents methods of peroxisome isolation from various tissues and the physical and chemical properties of the isolated organelles. Considerable chapters are devoted to the metabolic functions, enzymatic activities, development of their form, and biochemistry of peroxisomes. Several key enzymes of the glycolate pathway of photorespiration found in leaf peroxisomes are presented. A discussion on the physiology of plant peroxisomes is provided. This book will be of value to professional scientists and graduate students concerned with plant metabolism and development.

Foreword

Preface

1 Introduction

I. Current Terminology

II. Historical Perspective

A. Ultrastructural Discoveries

B. Biochemical Elucidation of Microbody Function

III. Summary

2 Cytochemistry, Morphology, and Distribution

I. General Comments

II. Enzyme Cytochemistry

A. Catalase: 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine Oxidation

B. Malate Synthase: Ferricyanide Reduction

C. Glycolate Oxidase: Ferricyanide Reduction

D. α-Hydroxyacid, Alcohol, Amine, and D-Amino Acid Oxidases: Cerium Perhydroxide Precipitation

III. Morphology and Distribution

A. Angiosperms

B. Nonflowering Plants

IV. Summary

3 Methods of Isolation and Physical and Chemical Properties

I. Introduction

II. Methods of Isolation

A. Theoretical Consideration

B. Grinding Medium and Isolation Procedures

C. Differential and Gradient Centrifugation

D. Electron Microscopy and Isolated Peroxisomes

III. Physical Properties

IV. Subfractionation and Chemical Properties

V. Summary

4 Metabolism, Enzymology, and Function

I. Introduction

II. Characteristic Peroxisomal Enzymes

A. Catalase

B. Glycolate Oxidase

C. Urate Oxidase (Uricase)

D. D-Amino Acid Oxidase

III. Unspecialized Peroxisomes

IV. Glyoxysomes in Germinated Oilseeds

A. Gluconeogenesis from Reserve Lipids

B. Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols to Fatty Acids

C. Metabolic Reactions in Glyoxysomes

D. Oxidation of NADH Generated in Glyoxysomes by Electron Shuttle

E. Characteristic Peroxisomal Enzymes in Glyoxysomes

F. Enzymes Associated with the Glyoxysomal Membrane

G. Processing of Storage Triacylglycerols in Oilseeds Other Than Castor Bean

V. Leaf Peroxisomes

A. Photorespiration and Leaf Peroxisomes

B. Enzymes in Leaf Peroxisomes

C. Electron Shuttle Involving Malate Dehydrogenase and Aspartate-α-ketoglutarate Aminotransferase

D. Peroxisomes in Leaves of C4 Species

VI. Peroxisomes in Ureide Metabolism

VII. Peroxisomes in Fungi and Algae

A. Peroxisomes of Unknown Function: "Unspecialized" Peroxisomes

B. Glyoxysome-Like Peroxisomes in Heterotrophic Fungi and Algae

C. Peroxisomes and Photorespiration in Autotrophic Algae

D. Peroxisomes in Ureide Metabolism

E. Peroxisomes in Methanol Metabolism

F. Peroxisomes in Oxalate Synthesis

G. Peroxisomes in Amine Metabolism

VIII. Other Enzymes Reported Present in Peroxisomes

IX. Summary

5 Ontogeny

I. Introduction

II. The Endoplasmic Reticulum-Vesiculation Model

III. Peroxisome Biogenesis

A. Biosynthesis of Individual Components

B. Temporal Development of Peroxisomes

C. Integration of Information

IV. Biosynthesis of Peroxisomes in Leaves

V. Biogenetic Relationship between Glyoxysomes and Leaf-Type Peroxisomes in Greening Cotyledons of Oilseeds

A. Interconversion Model

B. Two-Population Model

C. Transient-Intermediate Model

D. Assessment

VI. Biogenesis of Peroxisomes in Microorganisms (Yeasts)

VII. Degradation

VIII. Summary

6 Control of Ontogeny

I. Introduction

II. Differential Expression of Isozymes

A. Catalase

Β. Aspartate-α-ketoglutarate Aminotransferase

C. Malate Dehydrogenase

III. Regulation

A. Light

B. Hormones

C. Metabolites

D. Inhibitors

E. Coordinate Enzyme Development

IV. Summary

7 Perspective

I. Introduction

II. Nomenclature

III. Morphological and Cytochemical Studies

IV. Molecular Structure of Peroxisomes

V. Metabolism

VI. Biogenesis

VII. Peroxisomes in Nonplant Tissues

Bibliography

Index