Osteosarcopenia

1st Edition - March 4, 2022
Editors: Gustavo Duque, Bruce R. Troen
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 0 8 8 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 4 2 0 - 7

Falls, fractures, frailty, osteoporosis and sarcopenia are highly prevalent in older persons. While the concept of osteosarcopenia is new, it is a rapidly evolving and cr… Read more

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Falls, fractures, frailty, osteoporosis and sarcopenia are highly prevalent in older persons. While the concept of osteosarcopenia is new, it is a rapidly evolving and cross-disciplinary problem. Prevention and treatment are challenging and a combined therapeutic approach is needed. Osteosarcopenia provides evidence-based information on how to prevent and treat these conditions at multiple settings, including multiple illustrations, care pathways and tips to easily understand the pathophysiology, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approach to these conditions. This work evaluates the potential for a link between osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity.

Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Muscles and bones
Abstract
Introduction
Structure and function of bones
Differentiation and function of osteoclasts
Differentiation and function of osteoblasts
Differentiation and function of osteocytes
Effects of aging on bones and age-related osteoporosis
Structure and function of muscle
Growth and development of muscles and effects of aging on muscles
Development of skeletal muscles
Bone-muscle interaction
Osteocalcin (bone-to-muscle interaction)
Myostatin (muscle-to-bone interaction)
Insulin-like growth factor (muscle-to-bone interaction)
Future research on humoral factors of bone and muscle in aging
References
Chapter 2: Cellular senescence and other aging mechanisms in bone and muscle
Abstract
Introduction
Cellular senescence
Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)
Biomarkers of cellular senescence
Identification of senescent cells in old bone
Accelerated cellular senescence and skeletal fragility in mice with type 2 diabetes (T2D)
Effects of reducing the senescent cell burden on bone
Cellular senescence and aged skeletal muscle
Causal roles of senescent cells in physical dysfunction and frailty
Senolytics in clinical trials
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone and muscle: Current and future musculoskeletal modeling research directions in osteosarcopenia
Abstract
Background
Why personalized musculoskeletal modeling?
Personalized musculoskeletal modeling as a predictive tool
Future directions
References
Chapter 4: A geroscience approach for osteosarcopenia: Autophagy and senescence as therapeutic targets
Abstract
Introduction
Senescence aging effects on bone and osteoporosis
A role for autophagy in antiaging
A dual role for autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells: Antisenescence versus prosenescence
Reconciliation regarding autophagy and senescence
AMPK and cellular senescence of MSCs
Antiaging effects of senostatics (senomorphics) in the musculoskeletal system
Senolytics antiaging effects in bone
Senostatics or senolytics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Osteosarcopenia as a lifetime syndrome: Could it be prevented?
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions
Pathophysiology
Osteopenia, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia in the young populations
Osteosarcopenic obesity
Prevention
References
Chapter 6: Inflammation and osteosarcopenia
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Age-related CLIP-inflammaging: Conceptual evolution and etiologic factors
CLIP-inflammaging: Clinical significance and potential underlying mechanisms
Osteoimmunology and role of CLIP-inflammaging in contributing to osteoporosis
Role of CLIP-inflammaging in contributing to sarcopenia
Role of CLIP-inflammaging in contributing to osteosarcopenia
CLIP-inflammaging in osteosarcopenia: Consideration of preventative and therapeutic interventions
References
Chapter 7: Sex steroids and gender differences in muscle, bone, and fat
Abstract
Introduction
Sex steroid biology
Sex steroid effects on muscle
Sex steroid effects on bone
Sex steroid effects on fat
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: The role of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in osteosarcopenia
Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin D
Vitamin D and PTH—Overview of the regulation of calcium metabolism
Vitamin D and osteoporosis/osteopenia
Vitamin D and sarcopenia
Vitamin D and osteosarcopenia
PTH, osteoporosis, sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia
Vitamin D, PTH, bone, and muscle interactions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Falls and fracture risk assessment—The role of osteoporosis, obesity, and sarcopenia
Abstract
Introduction
Overlapping epidemiology of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, falls, and fractures
Risk assessment: An opportunity for prevention
Potential for pleiotropic interventions to reduce both falls and fractures
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Osteosarcopenic adiposity
Abstract
What is osteosarcopenic adiposity/obesity and what is in its name?
Identification of OSA and persisting difficulties
What has the research on OSA/OSO showed so far?
OSA health consequences
OSA in the time of COVID-19
Our recommendations within the auspices of personalized nutrition/medicine
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Diagnosis of osteosarcopenia—Clinical
Abstract
Overview
Osteosarcopenia diagnostic algorithm
Case finding
Clinical risk factors
Sarc-F and BMD
Muscle strength
Muscle mass
Physical performance
Summary
References
Chapter 12: Diagnosis of osteosarcopenia—Imaging
Abstract
Diagnosis of osteosarcopenia—Quantitative imaging
Two-dimensional imaging techniques
Three-dimensional imaging techniques
Fracture risk prediction tools (FRAX)
Image analysis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Genetics of osteosarcopenia
Abstract
Introduction
Heritability of musculoskeletal traits
Genome-wide association studies
Current status of OSP-related genetics in humans
Rare conditions/monogenic diseases
Effect of environment on musculoskeletal quality and tissue-specific aging
Pleiotropy for bone-and-muscle-related phenotypes in animals
Sex-specificity of disease: Is there any genetic predisposition?
Translational perspectives
Summary and future directions
References
Chapter 14: Frailty: The end of the osteosarcopenia continuum?
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
History of frailty detection and assessment
Frailty detection in clinical situations
Frailty demographics and prognosis
Underlying pathophysiology of frailty
Frailty lies at the end of the osteosarcopenia continuum
Therapeutic strategies—Overlap with those of osteosarcopenia
References
Chapter 15: Nonpharmacologic intervention for osteosarcopenia
Abstract
Introduction
Age-related changes in skeletal muscle and bone
Exercise
Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Pharmacological management of osteosarcopenia
Abstract
Introduction
Targeting the endocrine system for muscle and bone anabolism
Antifracture medications as muscle anabolics
The crosstalk of muscle and bone as a therapeutic avenue
Future directions and conclusions
References
Chapter 17: The social context of osteosarcopenia: Risk factors and social impact
Abstract
Socially patterned risk factors for osteosarcopenia
Childhood precursors to osteosarcopenia in later life?
Conceptual model: The social-biological nexus
Lower health literacy
Health literacy and risk factors
Health literacy and prevention and treatment
Social impact of osteosarcopenia
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Models of care for falls and fracture prevention: A historical perspective
Abstract
Models of care for falls and fracture prevention
Summary
References
Index

Gustavo Duque

Professor Gustavo Duque is a world leader in ageing and musculoskeletal research. He is a geriatrician, clinical, and biomedical researcher with special interest in the mechanisms and treatment of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and frailty in older persons. His initial training included Internal Medicine at Javeriana University (Colombia) and Geriatric Medicine, completed at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. He obtained his PhD at McGill with a thesis entitled “Molecular Changes of the Aging Osteoblast.” He moved to Australia to join the faculty as Associate Professor and Head of the Division of Geriatric Medicine and Director of the Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Program at Sydney Medical School Nepean. In 2015, he moved to Melbourne for a new position as Chair of Medicine and Director of the Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science at the University of Melbourne. His major research interests include the elucidation of the mechanisms of age-related bone loss, osteoporosis, sarcopenia and frailty.

Affiliations and expertise

Chair of Medicine and Director, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia

Bruce R. Troen

Bruce R. Troen, MD, is a physician-scientist formally trained in geriatrics and molecular biology. Dr. Troen is a professor and chief of the Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine in the Department of Medicine within the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, a physician-investigator with the WNY VA Healthcare System, and Chief of Geriatric Services at the Erie County Medical Center. A thought leader in aging-related geroscience and molecular biology and regional leader in geriatric care, Dr. Troen founded and directs the Center of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease of Western New York and the Center for Successful Aging at the University at Buffalo.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor and Chief, Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine; Physician-Investigator, VAWNY Healthcare System; Director, Center for Successful Aging; Director, Center of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, NY, USA