Optical Fibers

PrefaceAcknowledgments1 Introduction 1.1 Technical Background 1.2 Optical Communications Before the Advent of Optical Fibers 1.3 Summary of the History 1.4 Purpose and Organization of This Book References2 Basic Concepts and Equations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Wave Equation 2.3 Solution of Wave Equation 2.4 Classification of Wave Equation Solutions 2.5 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 2.6 Propagating Power 2.7 Eikonal Equation 2.8 Ray Equations 2.9 Refraction and Reflection at a Boundary between Two Media 2.10 Transmission Loss Mechanisms in Optical Fibers 2.11 Optical Fiber Manufacture References3 Ray Theory of Optical Fibers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ray Theory of Uniform-Core Fibers 3.3 Ray Theory Analysis of Nonuniform-Core Fibers 3.4 Summary References4 Wave Theory of Uniform-Core Fibers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Derivation of Basic Equations 4.3 Wave Phenomena in Uniform-Core Fibers 4.4 Dispersion Characteristics 4.5 Summary References5 Wave Theory of Nonuniform-Core Fibers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic Equations and Mode Concepts in Nonuniform-Core Fibers 5.3 Analysis of Nonuniform-Core Fibers by the WKB Method 5.4 Computation of Propagation Characteristics of Multimode Fibers Based on WKB Analysis 5.5 Analysis of Nonuniform-Core Fibers by Rayleigh-Ritz Method 5.6 Analysis of Fibers Having a-Power Index Profiles by Power-Series Expansion Method 5.7 Suggestions on the Optimum Index Profile for Multimode Fibers 5.8 Analysis of Nonuniform-Core Fibers by Finite Element Method 5.9 Analysis of Nonuniform-Core Fibers by Staircase-Approximation Method 5.10 Summary References6 Classification and Comparison of Various Analysis Methods 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Various Wave Theories 6.3 Relation between Wave and Ray Theories 6.4 Summary References7 Optimum Refractive-Index Profile of Optical Fibers 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Optimum Refractive-Index Profile for Single-Mode Fibers 7.3 Optimum Refractive-Index Profile for Multimode Fibers References8 Optical Fibers Having Structural Fluctuations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mode Conversion Due to Axial Fluctuation 8.3 Summary References 9 Measurement of Refractive-Index Profile of Optical Fibers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Scattering-Pattern Method 9.3 Interference Methods 9.4 Reflection Method 9.5 Other Methods 9.6 Summary References10 Measurement of Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification of Dispersion-Measurement Techniques 10.3 Pulse Method 10.4 Swept-Frequency Modulation Method 10.5 Spectrum Analysis Method 10.6 Shuttle-Pulse Method 10.7 Measurement of Multimode Dispersion for Each Mode Group 10.8 Summary References11 Concluding Remarks 11.1 Development of Practical Single-Mode Fibers 11.2 Development of Long-Wavelength (1.0-1.6 µm) Optical-Fiber Communications Systems 11.3 Development of FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexing) Optical-Fiber Communications Systems 11.4 Development of Low-Cost, Large-Diameter, Large-Numerical-Aperture Fibers 11.5 Development of Economical Methods for Manufacturing Optical FibersAppendix 2A.1 Derivation ofEqs. (2.68) and (2.69) 3A.1 Derivation of Eqs. (3.16) 3A.2 Derivation of Eq. (3.24) 3A.3 Derivation of Eqs. (3.27) and (3.28) 3A.4 Derivation of Eq. (3.30) 3A.5 Derivation of Eq. (3.39) 3A.6 Derivation of Eq. (3.49) 4A.1 Derivation of Wave Equations in Cyclindrical Coordinates 4A.2 Derivation of Proper Equations for Hybrid Modes under the Weakly Guiding Approximation 5A. 1 Derivation of Eqs. (5.7)-(5.12) 5A.2 Derivation of Eq. (5.23) 5A.3 Definitions and Properties of Airy Functions Ai(x) and Bi(x) 5A.4 Derivation of Eqs. (5.136)-(5.139) (Determination of Constants A-G, f, and ß1) 5A.5 Derivation of Eq. (5.193) 5A.6 Proof of Eq. (5.198) 5A.7 Derivation of Eq. (5.199) 5A.8 Derivation of Eq. (5.200) 5A.9 Table of Exact Normalized Cutoff Frequencies 5A. 10 Proof of the Validity of the Functional [Eq. (5.242)] 5A. 11 Proof That Eq. (5.258) Gives the Scalar Wave Equations 5A. 12 Propagation Matrix Components 8A. 1 Mode Degeneration in a Quadratic-Profile Fiber 8A.2 Derivation of Eq. (8.27) 8A.3 Nature of Parameters Used in Eq. (8.36) 9A.1 The Induced Dipole Method 9A.2 Sampling Theorem for Hankel Transform 9A.3 Derivation of Eq. (9.50)Index