Nanostructures for Oral Medicine

Chapter 1: Bacterial polyester nanoparticles for drug delivery
Sung Chul Yoon

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Amphiphlic Block Copolymers
• 3. Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug-Delivery Applications
• 4. Biodegradable Bacterial Polyesters Poly(R)-Hydroxyalkanoic Acids
• 5. Targeting Drug Delivery using Ligand-Conjugated PHA Nanoparticles (Active Targeting)
• 6. Chemical Modification of PHA Polymers for Drug Delivery (Passive Targeting)
• 7. Synthesis of Surface Modified PHB-mPEG Diblock Copolymer
• 8. Self-Assembly of Diblock Copolymer Into Nanoparticles
• 9. Characterization of PHA–mPEG Nanoparticles
• 10. Drawbacks and Challenges
• 11. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Chapter 2: A novel approach to the oral delivery of bionanostructures for systemic disease
Sung Chul Yoon

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. NanoStructures for Oral Drug Delivery
• 3. The Gastrointestinal Mucus Barriers
• 4. Strategies for Effective Oral Delivery of Drugs
• 5. Challenges in the Oral Delivery Route
• 6. Characteristics of the Transporter Used in Oral Delivery Nanostructures
• 7. Therapeutic Applications of Oral Delivery Nanostructures
• 8. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
• 9. Characterization of Nanoparticles
• 10. Conclusions

Chapter 3: Biodegradable polymeric nanostructures: design and advances in oral drug delivery for neurodegenerative disorders
Andreza Maria Ribeiro

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Biodegradable Polymeric Materials
• 3. Nanocarriers Technology and Recent Modifications to Improve Their Specificity
• 4. Advances in Polymeric Nanocarriers as Vehicles for Oral-Delivery Systems
• 5. New Approaches and Clinical Applications in Neurodegenerative Disorders
• 6. Future Perspectives

Chapter 4: Nanostructured systems for transbuccal drug delivery
Eneida de Paula

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Oral Mucosa
• 3. Buccal Mucosa Chemical Permeation Enhancers: Chemical Structure, Mechanisms, and Biopharmaceutical Applications
• 4. Nanoparticles and Nanostructures for Transbuccal Drug Delivery
• 5. Limitations
• 6. Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 5: Trends in orally viral vector gene delivery and therapy
Ruian Xu

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nanoparticles and Microparticles Applications in Oral Delivery of Drug Molecules and Therapeutic Genes
• 3. The Crucial Intake Site of the Absorption of Nanoparticles and Microparticles in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• 4. The Characteristics of Particles and the Effect of Intake In Vivo
• 5. Protein Transduction and the Absorption of Nanoparticles
• 6. Ways to Promote the Absorption of Particles
• 7. The Feasibility of Oral Gene Delivery
• 8. The Oral Gene Delivery Vector System
• 9. The Uptake of Oral Viral Vector
• 10. The Selection of Viral Vectors Suitable for Oral Delivery
• 11. The Digestion Circumstance of Oral Gene Delivery
• 12. The Transmission, Distribution, and Transgenic Product Pharmacokinetics of Oral Viral Vectors
• 13. Potential, Problems, and Prospects
• 14. Conclusions

Chapter 6: Nanostructures for oral delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids
Virginie Escriou

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids
• 3. Oral Delivery Systems for Nucleic Acid Administration (Table 6.2)
• 4. Conclusions

Chapter 7: Challenges in oral drug delivery: a nano-based strategy to overcome
Pragasam Viswanathan

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Biopharmaceutical Classification of Drugs
• 3. Measurement of Parameters Determining Bioavailability
• 4. Transport Mechanism in GIT
• 5. Gastrointestinal Luminal Milieu and Drug Absorption
• 6. Improving Drug Bioavailability
• 7. Pharmaceutics Approach Enabling Physical Modification of Drugs
• 8. Improving Stability of Oral Drugs
• 9. Nanostructures in Oral Drug Delivery
• 10. Conclusions
• Acknowledgment
• Conflict of Interest

Chapter 8: Oral pellets loaded with nanoemulsions
Thierry F. Vandamme

• Abstract
• 1. Pellets
• 2. Nanoemulsions
• 3. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BSC) and Applications of Pellet to Improve Dissolution Rate of Drugs in BCS Class II
• 4. Case Study
• 5. Conclusions

Chapter 9: Oral drug delivery potential of dendrimers
Dr. Umesh Gupta

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Oral Route and its Implication
• 3. Nanocarriers in Oral Delivery
• 4. Dendrimers in Oral Drug Delivery
• 5. Synthetic Approaches of Dendrimer
• 6. Unique Properties of Dendrimers
• 7. Host Guest Interactions of Dendrimers and Bioactives
• 8. Drugs Delivered Through Oral Route Using Dendrimers as a Nanocarrier
• 9. Conclusions and Future Prospects
• 10. Abbreviations

Chapter 10: Nanovaccines for oral delivery-formulation strategies and challenges
Sandeep Prakash Patankar

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Oral Vaccine Delivery
• 3. Intestinal Immune Response
• 4. Challenges in Oral Vaccine Delivery
• 5. Nanocarrier Based Oral Vaccine Delivery
• 6. Nanocarrier Formulation Strategies
• 7. Regulatory Aspects of Oral Nanovaccines
• 8. Future Prospects

Chapter 11: Nanosystems for oral delivery of immunomodulators
Vandana Bharat Patravale

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Oral Route for Immunomodulators
• 3. Need of Nanosystems for Immunomodulators
• 4. Oral Nanosystems for Immunomodulators
• 5. Methods for Characterization of Nanosystems
• 6. Fate of Immunomodulators After Oral Delivery
• 7. Future Prospects
• 8. Conclusions
• Abbreviations

Chapter 12: Tannic acid modification of metal nanoparticles: possibility for new antiviral applications
Malgorzata Krzyzowska

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Syntheses and Characterization of Metallic Nanoparticles Colloids (AuNPs, AgNPs, Ag/CuNPs) with Tannic Acid
• 3. Toxicity and Antiviral Properties of Tannic Acid Modifies Metallic Nanoparticles Colloids (AuNPs, AgNPs, Ag/CuNPs)
• 4. Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 13: Polyelectrolyte-drug ionic complexes as nanostructured drug carriers to design solid and liquid oral delivery systems
María Eugenia Olivera

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Pharmaceutical Polyelectrolytes
• 3. Polyelectrolyte-Drug Complexes in Aqueous Dispersion
• 4. Polyelectrolyte-Drug Complexes in the Solid State
• 5. Conclusions
• Abbreviations

Chapter 14: Polysaccharide based nano/microformulation: an effective and versatile oral drug delivery system
Yong-kyu Lee

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Chitosan
• 3. Hyaluronic Acid
• 4. Chondroitin Sulfate
• 5. Heparin
• 6. Cyclodextrins
• 7. Other Polysaccharides
• 8. Polysaccharide Blends (PSB) in Oral Drug Delivery
• 9. Conclusion and Future Prospects

Chapter 15: Recent advancements in oral delivery of insulin: from challenges to solutions
A.K Bajpai

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Diabetes Mellitus
• 3. Diagnosis Test for Diabetes
• 4. Insulin Therapy
• 5. Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes
• 6. Diabetes in World Scenario
• 7. Insulin
• 8. Action of Insulin
• 9. Oral Delivery of Insulin
• 10. Problems in Oral Delivery
• 11. Strategies to Improve Oral Delivery of Insulin
• 12. Recent Breakthroughs in Oral Insulin Delivery
• 13. Commercialization
• 14. Recent Challenges and Future Prospects

Chapter 16: Nanotechnology for oral delivery of anticancer drugs: an insight potential
Nagendra Singh Chauhan

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Remarkable Addressing Issues Concerns for Challenging of Oral Chemotherapy
• 3. Specific Consideration of Anticancer Drugs Appropriate for Oral Delivery
• 4. Nanocarrier System for Oral Delivery of Cancer Therapeutics
• 5. Concluding Remarks

Chapter 17: Nanomaterials: promising structures for the management of oral cancer
Aylin Türel Ermertcan

• Abstract
• 1. Oral Cancer
• 2. Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis
• 3. Nanomaterials in Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer
• 4. Nanotherapeutics in Oral Cancer
• 5. Nanomaterials in Tumor Imaging of Oral Cancer
• 6. Conclusions

Chapter 18: Therapeutic potential of solubilized nanolignin against oral diseases
Hiroshi Sakagami

• Abstract
• 1. Studies of Nanostructure of Lignin
• 2. Biological Activity
• 3. Efficient Utilization of Plant Resources by Alkaline Extraction
• 4. Utilization of Lignin and Its Components
• 5. Clinical Application
• 6. Future Direction
• Acknowledgments

Chapter 19: Novel lipid nanostructures for delivery of natural agents with antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antistroke potential: perspectives and outcomes
Anil Kumar Dwivedi

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Stroke
• 3. Oxidative Stress Inflammation, Antioxidants, and Their Mechanism of Action
• 4. Bioactives with Potential Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, and Antistroke Effects
• 5. Limitations of Bioactives to Elicit the Desired Therapeutic Response
• 6. Novel Lipid Nanostructures
• 7. Conclusions: Way Ahead with LNs
• Acknowledgement

Chapter 20: Chitosan-based nanoparticulate systems for oral drug delivery
Sougata Jana

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Novel Technologies for Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles
• 3. Oral Chitosan Nanosystems: Key Findings
• 4. Conclusions

Chapter 21: Phytonanoconjugates in oral medicine
Vijaya Padma. V

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mechanism of Polyphenol Protection
• 3. Nanostructures in Oral Delivery
• 4. Mechanism of Absorption of Phytonanoconjugates in Epithelial Cells Via Endocytotic Cellular Uptake
• 5. Biofate and Pharmacokinetics of the Nanocarriers in the GI Tract After Oral Administration
• 6. Phytonanoparticles in Oral Medicine
• 7. Other Phytonanoconjugates
• 8. Remarks and Future Perceptions

Chapter 22: Design and development of pharmaceutical microprocesses in the production of nanomedicine
Norma Angélica Noguez

• Abstract
• 1. Microfluidics: Origins, Present, and Future
• 2. Lyotropic Liquid Crystals as Drug Delivery Systems
• 3. Lipid-Carrying Systems
• 4. Microspheres
• 5. Polymerosomes
• 6. Conclusions

Chapter 23: Mesoporous materials and technologies for development of oral medicine
Shou-Cang Shen

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Development of Mesoporous Materials as Potential Drug Carriers
• 3. Drug-Loading Techniques
• 4. Characterization and Stabilities Studies of Poorly Soluble Oral Drug Formulation
• 5. Application of Functional Mesoporous Materials in Smart Oral Dosage Form
• 6. Summary and Outlook

Chapter 24: Nanodentistry: novel approaches
Prakash Singh Bisen

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Types and Properties of Nanostructures Used in Dentistry
• 3. Nanotechnology in Dentistry
• 4. Preventive Nanodentistry
• 5. Challenges Faced by Nanodentistry
• 6. Conclusions

Chapter 25: The role of nanomedicine, nanotechnology, and nanostructures on oral bone healing, modeling, and remodeling
Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Nanomedicine
• 3. TERM and Nanomedicine
• 4. Fabrication Methods for Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
• 5. Application of Nanotechnology in Dentistry
• 6. Application of Nanomedicine in Oral Bone Regeneration
• 7. Nanotechnology and Cell Therapy in Oral Bone Regeneration
• 8. Current Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 26: Therapeutic applications of nanotechnology in dentistry
Muhammad Sohail Zafar

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Origin of Nanotechnology Concept and History
• 3. Nature and Timeline of Nanomaterials
• 4. Synthesis, Characteristics, and Classifications of Nanomaterials
• 5. Nanobiomaterials in Dentistry
• 6. Conclusive Remarks

Chapter 27: Oral nanomedicine and the emergent process of clinical translation
Elaine Del-Bel

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Understanding Clinical Trials
• 3. Overview of Oral Nanomedicine and Clinical Trials
• 4. Analyzing Selected Trials
• 5. Final Considerations
• 6. Appendix

Chapter 28: Carbon-based nanostructures for electrochemical analysis of oral medicines
Sibel A. Özkan

• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Oral Drugs
• 3. Voltammetric Methods for Electrochemical Analysis of Oral Medicines Using Carbon-Based Nanostructures
• 4. Carbon-Based Nanostructures in Electrochemical Analysis of Oral Medicines
• 5. Conclusions
• Abbreviations

Chapter 29: Scientometric overview regarding oral cancer nanomedicine
Ozcan Konur

• Abstract
• 1. Overview
• 2. The Citation Classics in Oral Cancer Nanomedicine
• 3. Conclusions