Membrane Characterization

Membrane Characterization provides a valuable source of information on how membranes are characterized, an extremely limited field that is confined to only brief descriptions in various technical papers available online.

For the first time, readers will be able to understand the importance of membrane characterization, the techniques required, and the fundamental theory behind them. This book focuses on characterization techniques that are normally used for membranes prepared from polymeric, ceramic, and composite materials.

• Features specific details on many membrane characterization techniques for various membrane materials of industrial and academic interest
• Contains examples of international best practice techniques for the evaluation of several membrane parameters, including pore size, charge, and fouling
• Discusses various membrane models more suitable to a specific application
• Provides examples of ab initio calculations for the design, optimization, and scale-up of processes based on characterization data

Membrane scientists involved in membrane preparation for various applications; chemical engineers and material scientists; students at the upper undergraduate and graduate levels; post-doctoral researchers; and professors; Membrane manufacturers

Part 1. Spectroscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization

Chapter 1. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. FTIR Principle and Analysis Process
• 3. Sample Preparation Methods
• 4. Techniques of Sample Handling
• 5. Membrane Surface Functionalization Monitoring by FTIR
• 6. Stability and Durability Monitoring in Various Membrane Application by FTIR
• 7. Conclusion

Chapter 2. Raman Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Principle of Raman Spectroscopy
• 3. Raman Spectroscopy for Polymer Characterization
• 4. Raman Spectroscopy for Polymeric Membrane Characterization
• 5. Conclusion
• List of Abbreviation

Chapter 3. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Fundamentals of EPR
• 3. EPR Applications for the Synthetic Polymeric Membranes
• 4. Other Examples of EPR Applications
• 5. Conclusions

Chapter 4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Basics of NMR Spectroscopy
• 3. Prediction of Molecular Structure, Blend Miscibility, Phase Morphology of the Polymers
• 4. Determination of Pore Structure and Pore Radius of the Polymeric Membrane
• 5. Determination of Stability and Degradation of Polymeric Membranes
• 6. Conclusion
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Symbols

Chapter 5. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Basics of XPS
• 3. Determination of Atomic Concentration in Polymer Membranes
• 4. Prediction of Crosslinking and Hydrophilicity of the Polymer Membranes
• 5. Conclusion

Chapter 6. Small-Angle Scattering Techniques (SAXS/SANS)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering Profile
• 3. Scattering Profile of Cross-Linked Polymer
• 4. Study of the TFC Membrane
• 5. Small-Angle Scattering From Dilute Polymer Solution or Colloidal Solution Systems
• 6. Probing Polymer–Nanoparticle Interaction in Dilute Solution
• 7. Structure of Polymer Nanocomposite Membrane
• 8. Understanding Form and Structure Factor in Rubbery Polydimethylsiloxane Membrane
• 9. Conclusions

Part 2. Microscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization

Chapter 7. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. AFM Imaging Modes
• 3. Interaction Force Measurements
• 4. Membrane Surface Imaging and Characterization
• 5. Fouling Characterization of Filtration Membranes Using AFM
• 6. Concluding Remarks

Chapter 8. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Basics of TEM
• 3. Bright-Field and Dark-Field Images
• 4. Specimen Preparation
• 5. Characterization of Membrane Building Block
• 6. Membrane Characterization
• 7. Conclusion
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Symbols

Chapter 9. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy
• 3. Applications in Membrane Characterization
• 4. Conclusion

Part 3. Physical and Chemical Characterization Methods for Membrane Characterization

Chapter 10. Pore Size Measurements and Distribution for Ceramic Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Typical Method for Pore Size Measurements and Distribution
• 3. Comparisons Between Measurements
• 4. Conclusion
• Notation
• Greek Letters
• Subscripts

Chapter 11. The Bubble Gas Transport Method

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Principle of Bubble Gas Transport Method
• 3. Experimental Setup and Procedure
• 4. Critical Aspects of Bubble Gas Transport Method
• 5. Conclusion
• Abbreviations and Symbols

Chapter 12. Contact Angle Measurements

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Theoretical Background
• 3. Method of Contact Angle Measurement
• 4. Factors Affecting Contact Angle Measurements
• 5. Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity Analysis
• 6. The Membrane Characterization by Contact Angle
• 7. Conclusion
• List of Symbols

Part 4. Mechanical Properties Characterization of Membranes

Chapter 13. Mechanical Characterization of Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mechanical Characterization Techniques
• 3. Mechanical Degradation of Polymeric Membranes
• 4. Stress-State of Polymeric Membrane Under Actual Condition
• 5. Advanced Techniques for Mechanical Properties Testing
• 6. Conclusions
• List of Abbreviations

Part 5. Mass Transport, Modeling and Feed Solution Characterization

Chapter 14. Gas and Vapor Transport in Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Gas and Vapor Transport in Membranes
• 3. Application
• 4. Conclusion
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Symbols

Chapter 15. Mass Transport in Porous Liquid Phase Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mass Transfer From the Bulk Feed to the Membrane Surface
• 3. Separation of Solutes at the Membrane Surface
• 4. Transport of Solutes Through the Membrane
• 5. Solute Transfer From the Membrane Interface to the Bulk Permeate
• 6. Liquid Phase Membrane Applications
• 7. Conclusions

Chapter 16. The Use of Modeling for Characterization of Membranes

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Background Information
• 3. Simple Models for Basic Membrane Characterization
• 4. Advanced Models for Structural and Electrical Properties Characterization
• 5. Conclusions

Chapter 17. Feed Solution Characterization

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Particle Size and Shape
• 3. Methods of Particle Size Measurement
• 4. Particle Charge and Zeta Potential
• 5. Viscosity
• 6. Conclusions

Chapter 18. Electrokinetic Phenomena for Membrane Charge

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Electrophoresis
• 3. Electro-Osmosis
• 4. Sedimentation Potential
• 5. Streaming Potential
• 6. Conclusions