Mechanics and Chemistry in Lubrication
Free Global Shipping
No minimum orderDescription
Although it is widely recognized that friction, wear and lubrication are linked together in a single interdisciplinary complex of scientific learning and technological practice, fragmented and specialized approaches still predominate. In this book, the authors examine lubrication from an interdisciplinary viewpoint. They demonstrate that once the treatment of lubrication is released from the confines of the fluid film concept, this interdisciplinary approach comes into full play. Tribological behavior in relation to lubrication is then examined from two major points of view: one is mechanical, not only with respect to the properties and behavior of the lubricant but also of the surfaces being lubricated. The other is chemical and encompasses the chemistry of the lubricant, the surfaces and the ambient surroundings. It is in the emphasis on the interaction of the basic mechanical and chemical processes in lubrication that this book differs from conventional treatments.
Table of Contents
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. What Is Friction
1.2. Friction and Wear
1.3. Tribology
1.4. Some Further Statements about Lubrication
References
2. Simple Hydrodynamic Theory: The Reynolds Equation in Two Dimensions
2.1. Beauchamp Tower's Bearing Experiments
2.2. A n Engineering Derivation of the Two-Dimensional Reynolds Equation
2.3. The Reynolds Equation in Use: The Plane Slider Bearing
2.4. Energy Losses in the Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Bearings
2.5. The Pivoted Slider Bearing: Design Variables
2.6. The Full Journal Bearing
2.6.1. Application of the Reynolds Equation to the Full Journal' Bearing
2.6.2. Friction in the Full Journal Bearing
References
Appendix
3. Some Advanced Aspects of Hydrodynamic Lubrication
3.1. The Classical Fluid
3.1.1. Stress Analysis of a Fluid
3.1.2. The Simple Visccus Fluid
3.2. The Navier-Stokes Equations
3.3. The Generalized Reynolds Equation
3.4. Squeeze Films
3.5. Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
3.5.1. Elastohydrodynamic Theory
3.5.2. Some Elastohydrodynamic Solutions: Line Contact
3.5.3. Elastohydrodynamic Solutions for Point Contact
3.5.4. Experimental Observations of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
References
4. The Nature and Properties of Liquids
4.1. The Properties of Liquids and Lubrication
4.2. Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Viscosity
4.3. Capillary Viscometry
4.3.1. Newtonian Flow through a Capillary
4.3.2. Non-Newtonian Capillary Flow
4.3.3. Sources of Error in Capillary Viscometry
4.4. Capillary Viscometers
4.4.1. The Cannon-Fenske Viscometer
4.4.2. Capillary Viscometry Under Pressure
4.5. Rotational Viscometry and Viscometers
4.5.1. The Couette Viscometer
4.5.2. The Cone-and-Plate Viscometer
4.6. Rolling-Ball and Falling-Sinker Viscometers
4.7. Orifice Viscometers
4.8. Influence of Temperature and Pressure on Viscosity
4.8.1. The Walther Equation and ASTM Viscosity-Temperature Charts
4.8.2. The Viscosity Index
4.8.3. Pressure and Viscosity
4.9. Theories of Viscosity and the Molecular Structure of Liquids
4.10. Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
4.11. The Role of Compressibility in Lubrication
References
5. Gases as Lubricating Fluids
5.1. Fundamentals of Gas Film Lubrication
5.2. Gas-Lubricated Bearings
5.3. Properties of Gases
References
6. Measurement of Fluid Film Thickness and Detection of Film Failure
6.1. Electrical Methods
6.1.1. Film Thickness by Electrical Resistance
6.1.2. Film Thickness by Electrical Capacitance
6.2. ODtical Interferometry
6.3. X-Ray Transmission
6.4. Summarizing Discussion of Film Thickness Measurement
6.5. The Meaning of Film Failure
6.6. Electrical Methods of Detecting Film Failure
6.7. Detection of Fluid Film Failure by Friction or by Examination of Surface Condition
References
7. Friction: Phenomenology. Detection and Measurement
7.1. Basic Phenomenology of the Friction of Solid Bodies
7.2. Simple Behavioral Aspects of Static and Kinetic Friction
7.3. Experimental Arrangements for Detection and Measurement of Friction
7.3.1. Devices Utilizing Elastic Deflection
7.3.2. Dead-Weight Tangential Traction Devices
7.3.3. Inclined Plane Method for Static Friction
7.3.4. Damping of Oscillatory Motion
References
8. Friction: Mechanisms and Analysis
8.1. A Simple Mechanism for the Friction of Solid Metallic Bodies
8.2. Extension of the Adhesive-Junction Model for Friction
8.3. Intermittent Motion in Frictional Sliding: Stick-Slip Oscillation
8.4. Frictionally Induced Quasiharmonic Vibration
8.5. The Nature of Static and Kinetic Friction
8.6. Sliding Speed and Friction
8.7. Non-Adhesional Mechanisms for Friction
References
9. Lubricated Friction
9.1. The Contact and Friction of Clean Surfaces
9.2. The Influence of Oxides on the Friction of Metals
9.3. Lubricated Friction: The Behavioristic View
9.4. A Theoretical View of Lubricated Friction
References
10. Lubricant Additive Action . I. Basic Categories and Mechanisms
10.1. What is a Lubricant Additive
10.2. Classification and Nomenclature
10.3. Interposed Adsorption Films
10.3.1. Simple Absorbed Films
10.3.2. Chemisorbed Films
10.4. The Additive Action of Adsorbed Films
10.4.1. Durability of Films
10.4.2. Influence of Temperature on Adsorbed Films and Friction
10.4.3. Thermodynamics of Adsorption and Lubrication
10.4.4. Other Physicochemical Influences in Adsorbed Film Behavior
10.5. Chemically Deposited Films
10.5.1. Polymeric Condensation Films
10.5.2. Surface Resin ("Friction Polymer")
10.6. Interaction Films
10.7. Asperity Junction-Growth Inhibition
References
11. Lubricant Additive Action. II. Chemical Reactivity and Additive Functionality
11.1. A Basic View of Reactions between Additives and Metal Surfaces
11.2. Chemical Structures in Additives and Mechanisms of Additive Action
11.2.1. Sulfur Compounds: Chemical Reactions
11.2.2. Sulfur Compounds: Lubricant Additive Action
11.2.3. Chlorine Compounds: Chemical Reactions
11.2.4. Chlorine Compounds: Lubricant Additive Action
11.2.5. PhosDhorus COmDOundS: Chemical Reactions and Additive Action
11.2.6. Phosphorus and Other Key Elements: Dithiophosphates (Phosphorodithioates) etc
11.3. The Action of Multicomponent Additives
11.3.1. Multicomponent Additives with Sulfur and Chlorine
11.3.2. Multicomponent Additives with Phosphorus and Chlorine
11.3.3. Sulfur and Fatty Esters in Multicomponent Additives
11.3.4. Interference Effects with Multicomponent Additives
References
12. Contact of Solid Bodies
12.1. Surfaces and Surface Roughness
12.1.1. Descriptive Surface Topography
12.1.2. The Metrics of Surface Roughness
12.2. Contact and Adhesion
12.2.1. Simple Deformation Models of Contact
12.2.2. Adhesion and Separation
12.3. Characterization of Surfaces from Profile Data
12.4. Surface Topography and the Mechanics of Asperity Contact
12.5. Experimental Studies of Contact and Adhesion
12.6. The Tribological Significance of Contact and Adhesion
References
13. Wear: Basic Principles and General Behavior
13.1. A Basic Definition of Wear
13.2. Phenomenological Wear
13.2.1. Wear in Pure Sliding
13.2.2. Mixed Sliding and Rolling
13.2.3. Pure Rolling
13.2.4. Impinging Contact
13.2.5. Dry and Lubricated Wear
13.2.6. Wear of Non-Metals
13.3. Mechanistic Processes in Phenomenological Wear
13.3.1. Adhesion and Transfer
13.3.2. Plastic Deformation Processes
13.3.3. Fatigue Mechanisms
13.3.4. Chemical Reaction Processes
13.3.5. Combinations of Mechanistic Processes
13.4. Nomenclature
13.5. Wear Models
13.5.1. Wear Models and Asperity Contact
13.5.2. Models for Constant Wear Rate
13.5.3. Wear with Variable Rate
13.5.4. Geometrical Influences in Wear Models
13.5.5. Physical Parameters in Wear Models
13.6. Catastrophic Wear Damage
References
14. Aspects of Lubricated Wear
14.1. Lubricated Wear by Penetration of the Fluid Film
14.1.1. Wear and Partial Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
14.1.2. Wear and Mixohydrodynamic Lubrication
14.2. Compounded Lubricants and Wear
14.2.1. Reaction-Rate Theories of Wear in the Presence of Compounded Lubricants
14.2.2. Reaction Rate Processes and Phenomenological Wear
14.3. The Control of Scuffing
References
15. Temperature Effects in Friction. Wear and Lubrication
15.1. Interfacial Temperature and Rubbing
15.1.1. A Descriptive Model for Interfacial Temperature in Rubbing
15.1.2. Calculation of Interfacial Temperature by Continuum Heat Conduction Theory
15.1.3. A Stochastic Model for Interfacial Temperature Generated at Discrete Sites
15.2. Experimental Observations of Interfacial Temperature
15.2.1. The Dynamic Thermocouple
15.2.2. The Embedded Thermocouple
15.2.3. The Strip Thermistor
15.2.4. Emission of Infrared Radiation
15.3. Ambient Temperature Effects
15.4. Effects of Temperature on Friction and Wear
15.5. Effects of Temperature on Lubrication and Lubricants
References
16. Petroleum Lubricating Oils
16.1. Processing of Petroleum Lubricants
16.2. Nomenclature and Classification of Petroleum Oils
16.3. Structure in Lubricating Oils by Direct Techniques
16.3.1. Extraction, Chromatographic Adsorption, Distillation and Mass Spectrography
16.3.2. Distillation, Extraction, Chromatographic Adsorption, Thermal Diffusion and Mass Spectrography
16.3.3. Mass Spectrography of Refinery-Run Fractions
16.3.4. Nature of the Alkyl and Aromatic Structures
16.4. Type Structures in Lubricating Oils by Correlation with Physical Properties: Indirect Methods
16.5. Type Structures in the Performance of Petroleum Oils as Lubricants
References
17. Non-Petroleum Liquids as Lubricants
17.1. Chemical Types and Structures
17.2. Chemical Types and Properties of Synthetic Lubricants
17.3. Applications of Synthetic Lubricants
References
18. Lubricating Grease
18.1. Basic Aspects of Lubricating Grease Structure
18.2. The Manufacture of Lubricating Grease
18.3. Further Consideration of Grease Structure
18.3.1. Bleeding and Permeability
18.3.2. Consistency and Penetration
18.4. The Flow of Greases
18.5. Grease as a Lubricant in Service
References
19. Lubrication by Solids
19.1. Classification and Terminology
19.2. Layer-Lattice Inorganic Solids as Lubricants
19.2.1. Molybdenum Disulfide as a Luricating Lamellar Solid
19.2.2. Graphite as a Solid Lubricant
19.2.3. Graphite Fluoride as a Solid Lubricant
19.2.4. Boron Nitride as a Solid Lubricant
19.2.5. Other Layer-Lattice Inorganic Solids as Lubricants
19.3. Lubrication by Non-Lamellar Inorganic Solids and by Soft Metals
19.4. Organic Solids as Lubricants
19.5. The Technological Utilization of Solid Lubricants
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 633
- Language: English
- Copyright: © North Holland 1985
- Published: August 1, 1985
- Imprint: North Holland
- eBook ISBN: 9780080875736
About the Authors
A. Dorinson
K.C. Ludema
Ratings and Reviews
There are currently no reviews for "Mechanics and Chemistry in Lubrication"