Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate

Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1. Valuing the Ocean: An Introduction

Purpose and Scope of the Book

Differential Analysis for Future Scenarios

Expert Survey Approach

The Matrix: Values, Threats, and Knowledge

Knowledge for Decision Support

References

Chapter 2. Ocean Acidification

Acknowledgments

Cause and Chemistry

Time and Space Scales

Future Ocean Acidification Scenarios

Potential Future Effects on Physiological Processes and Behavior

Impacts on Communities, Food Webs, and Ecosystems

Conclusions

References

Chapter 3. Ocean Warming

Introduction

Physical Consequences of Ocean Warming

Biological Consequences of Ocean Warming

Summary and Take-Home Messages

References

Chapter 4. Hypoxia

Acknowledgments

Key Messages

Introduction

The Heart of the Problem

Global Patterns in Hypoxia

OMZs and Open Ocean Decline in Oxygen

Environmental Consequences of Hypoxia

Economic Consequences of Hypoxia

Global Change and Hypoxia

Restoration and the Future of Hypoxia

References

Chapter 5. Sea-Level Rise

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Causes of Sea-Level Rise

Observations of Sea-Level Rise

Sea Level Rise in the Future

Impacts of Sea-Level Rise

References

Chapter 6. Marine Pollution

Introduction

Chemical Pollution—POPs and Metals/Toxic Chemicals

Oil Pollution

Solid Substances

Radioactive Waste

Noise

Present and Forecasted Impacts of Pollution on Global Marine Ecosystems

References

Chapter 7. The Potential Economic Costs of the Overuse of Marine Fish Stocks

Fish and Fisheries Are Important to People

Evidence of Overuse of Fish Stocks

Climate Change Will Exacerbate the Problem of Overuse of Fish Stocks

Global Economic Loss due to Overfishing

Estimated Economic Losses

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8. Impacts of Multiple Stressors

Introduction

Global-Scale Stressors

Local- and Regional-Scale Stressors

Feedbacks and Synergistic Effects

Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 9. Tipping Points, Uncertainty, and Precaution: Preparing for Surprise

Introduction

Why Buy Insurance?

Making Decisions in the Dark

Peering into the Future

Shell Game

Pentagon Planning

Safe Standards and Planetary Boundaries

References

Chapter 10. Valuing the Ocean Environment

Introduction

What Is Not Included

Classic Studies of the Value of Ocean Environments

Fisheries and Climate Change

Tourism and Climate Change

Costs of SLR

Stormy Weather

Shrinking the Ocean Carbon Sink

Valuing the Damages

Scenario Definitions

Fisheries

Sea-Level Rise

Storms

Tourism

Ocean Carbon Sink

References

Chapter 11. Managing Multiple Human Stressors in the Ocean: A Case Study in the Pacific Ocean

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Pattern of Biodiversity and Marine Living Resources

Key Human Pressures in the Pacific Ocean

Challenges to Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources in the Pacific Ocean

Climate Change

Sustainable Management of the Pacific Ocean

References

Chapter 12. Paths to Sustainable Ocean Resources

Introduction

Implications of Major Threats and Policy Recommendations

Multiple Stressors: Putting the Pieces Together

Implications of Valuing Ocean Damages and Planning for Surprise

Pacific Region Case Study—Implications for Regional Ocean Governance

The Next Era of Global Ocean Governance: Paths to Sustainability

Concluding Recommendations

References

Index