Knowledge Processing and Applied Artificial Intelligence
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Knowledge Processing and Applied Artificial Intelligence discusses the business potential of knowledge processing and examines the aspects of applied artificial intelligence technology. The book is comprised of nine chapters that are organized into five parts. The text first covers knowledge processing and applied artificial intelligence, and then proceeds to tackling the techniques for acquiring, representing, and reasoning with knowledge. The next part deals with the process of creating and implementing strategically advantageous knowledge-based system applications. The fourth part covers intelligent interfaces, while the last part details alternative approaches to knowledge processing. The book will be of great use to students and professionals of computer or business related disciplines.
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
List Of Abbreviations
Part II
Chapter 1 — Knowledge Processing and Applied Artificial Intelligence
The Evolution of Computing in Business
The Rise of Knowledge Processing
The Origins of Knowledge Processing
Philosophy
Mathematics
Computing
The Development of the Field of Artificial Intelligence
A Shift in Focus
The Evolving Sub-Fields
Governmental Funding
The Nature of Intelligence
Applied Artificial Intelligence
Knowledge Processing and Applied Artificial Intelligence
The Commercialization of Applied Artificial Intelligence
Consolidation and Growth
The Commercial Market
Moving From Data Processing to Knowledge Processing
Structure and Organization of Book
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Part II — Acquiring, Representing, and Reasoning with Knowledge
Chapter 2 — Knowledge-Based Systems and the Acquisition of Knowledge
Digital Equipment Corporation
American Express
Campbell Soup
Structure of Knowledge-Based Systems
The Process of Building Knowledge-Based Systems
Expert Systems and Knowledge-Based Systems
Epistemology and Knowledge-Based Systems
The Definition of Knowledge
The Computer Configuration Problem
The Dimensions of Knowledge
Stages of Knowledge
Knowledge in a Knowledge-Based System
Knowledge Acquisition
Knowledge Engineer-Guided Knowledge Acquisition
Planning the Knowledge Acquisition Process
Automated Tools for Knowledge Acquisition
Induction
Steps after Knowledge Acquisition
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Chapter 3 — Representing and Reasoning with Knowledge
Knowledge Representation Using Rules
Complex Rules and Structured Rule-Based Systems
Inference Procedures in Rule-Based Systems
Forward Chaining
Backward Chaining
A Comparison of Backward and Forward Chaining
Meta-Knowledge in Rule-Based Reasoning
Rule-Based Reasoning Under Uncertainty
Prolog: A Simple Rule-Based System
The Inference Procedure of Prolog
Benefits And Limitations of Rule-Based Reasoning
Networked Representations of Knowledge
Semantic Networks
Frame Hierarchies
Structure of Objects
Behaviors of Objects
Communication Between Objects
Comparing Frame Hierarchies and Rules
Alternative Approaches to Knowledge Representation
Blackboard Systems
Case-Based Reasoning
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Part III — Implementing Strategic Knowledge Processing Applications
Chapter 4 — Creating Knowledge-Based Systems
Creating Rule-Based Systems
Problem Description
Problem Decomposition
Initial Prototype
Incremental Evolution
Customization
Structured Rule-Based Systems
Creating Hybrid Knowledge-Based Systems
Problem Description
Frame Hierarchy Identification
Structure and Behavior Identification
Prototyping and Incremental Evolution
Customization
Customizing the User Interface
Interfaces to Databases
Tools for Building Knowledge-Based Systems
Types of Shell Tools
Hardware Platforms for Shell Tools
Guidelines For The Selection of Shell Tools
Commercial Market for Knowledge-Based Products
The Database and Knowledge-Based Product Markets
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Chapter 5 — Strategic And Organizational Issues in Knowledge Processing
Levels of Organizational Knowledge
Managing Knowledge in Organizations
Knowledge-Based Systems and the Management of Knowledge
Applications of Knowledge-Based Systems in Organizations
The Task Perspective
User Support Types
The Systems Perspective
Activity Types
Organizational Benefits
Organizational Hazards
Impact on Industry Structures
Managing the Development Process in Organizations
Choosing a Corporate Strategy for Knowledge Processing
Factors Affecting the Knowledge Processing Strategy
Identification of Potential Knowledge-Based Applications
Cost-Benefit Analyses of Potential Applications
Determining Feasibility of Applications
Creation of Knowledge-Based Applications
Deployment of Applications
Maintenance of Applications
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Part IV — Intelligent Interfaces
Chapter 6 — Natural Language Processing
The Securities and Exchange Commission
Siemens-Nixdorf
Components of Natural Language Processing
The Nature of Understanding
Ambiguity in Natural Language Understanding
Approaches to Natural Language Understanding
Keyword Matching
Syntax and Semantics
Semantic Analyses
Combining Syntax and Semantics
Knowledge-Based
Conceptual Dependency Diagrams
Scripts
Understanding Multiple Sentences and Dialogs
Machine Translation
Approaches to Machine Translation
Pattern-Based Translation
Using Syntax and Semantics for Translation
Knowledge-Based Translation
Machine Translation in Industry
Evaluating Natural Language Interfaces
Commercial Tools for Natural Language Processing
Applications of Natural Language Processing
The Securities and Exchange Commission
The Intelligent Banking System at Citibank
The Direct Labor Management System at Ford
Content-Based Indexing of News Stories at Reuters
Patient Medical Records System at Hartford Hospital
Natural Language Applications at Steelcase
The Business Impact of Natural Language Processing
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Chapter 7 — Image and Speech Processing
Computer Vision
Biological Roots
Computational Requirements
Problems And Ambiguities
Information Processing in Machine Vision
Signal Processing
Digitizing And Sampling
Thresholding
Smoothing
Edge Detection
Image Processing
Segmentation
Labeling
Image Understanding
Identification
Interpretation
Commercial Applications of Machine Vision
Industrial Vision Applications
Document Image Processing
Retirement Fund Processing
Yellow Pages Advertising Management
Diagnosing Heart Imagery
Microfossil Identification
Speech Processing
Interpretation Problems
Speech Recognition
Speech Understanding
Speech Processing
Phonetic Analysis
Phonological Analysis
Morphological Analysis
The Business Impact of Image and Speech Processing
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Part V — Alternative Approaches to Knowledge Processing
Chapter 8 — Approximate Reasoning Using Fuzzy Logic
Hitachi: The Sendai Subway Control System
Yamaichi Securities: Intelligent Trading Programs
Matshushita: Intelligent Washing Machines
Rockwell: Modeling Stress on Wings
Development of Fuzzy Logic
Fundamentals of Fuzzy Logic Technology
Representational Concepts
Representation of Vague Concepts Using Fuzzy Sets
Linguistic Variables
Practical Implications of Fuzzy Set Representations
Reasoning Procedures
Mathematical Operations on Fuzzy Sets
Inference With Frizzy Rules
Comparing Fuzzy and Conventional Rules
Case Studies of Fuzzy Logic Applications
The Inverted Pendulum
Fuzzy Rules for Balancing an Inverted Pendulum
Properties of Fuzzy Control
Complex Inverted Pendulum Systems
Sendai Subway Control
Commercial Activities in Fuzzy Logic
Asia
America
Europe
The Business Impacts of Fuzzy Logic Applications
Enhancing Knowledge-Based Technologies
Embedded Intelligence
Intelligent Process Control
New Product Development Strategies
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Chapter 9 — Connectionist Modeling of Intelligence
The Connectionist Approach
History of Connectionism
Governmental Support
Neural Networks
Problem Types Tackled by Neural Networks
Classification
Generalization
Clustering
Types of Neural Networks
Selected Neural Network Architectures
Multi-Layer Perceptrons
Structure of Neurons
Training
Testing
Learning
Decision Regions Solved by Perceptrons
The Hopfield Net
Kohonen's Self-Organizing Feature Maps
Designing Applications Using Neural Networks
Domain and Problem Characteristics
Designing the Network
Training and Testing the Network
Maintaining and Integrating Applications
Commercial Tools
Case Study: Using Neural Networks Ffor Bond Rating
The Problem of Bond Rating
Use Of Statistical Models for Bond Rating
Decision Region Required for Bond Rating
Selection of Variables
Data Collection
Neural Network
Regression
Results
Applications of Neural Networks
Nettalk
Determining the Secondary Structure of Proteins
Car Navigation
Backgammon
Diagnosis And Treatment Prescription for Hypertension
Strengths And Limitations of Connectionist Models
Limitations
The Future of Symbolic and Connectionist Approaches
Summary
Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Notes
Appendix 1 — Commercial Applications of Knowledge-Based Systems
Appendix 2 — Commercial Vendors of Knowledge-Based Products
Appendix 3 — Commercial Applications of Neural Networks
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 368
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Butterworth-Heinemann 1993
- Published: September 17, 1993
- Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
- eBook ISBN: 9781483183923
About the Author
Soumitra Dutta
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