Isotope Chronostratigraphy

Isotope Chronostratigraphy: Theory and Methods covers the concept of isotope chronostratigraphy. The book discusses the principles of interpretation, the methodology, as well as the synthesis of the oxygen and carbon isotope records of the Tertiary. The text also describes the detailed studies of the tertiary delta 18O and delta 13 C records by epoch; the stable isotopic evidence for and against sea level changes during the cenozoic; and the prospects for applying isotope chronostratigraphy to exploration wells. The paleobathymetric models using the delta 18O of foraminifera; the empirical approaches to isotope chronostratigraphy; and the quantitative methods of analysis are also considered. The book further tackles the semblance methods; the filter and deconvolution techniques; the frequency domain methods; and the maximum entropy and Q-model methods. Petroleum geologists and stratigraphers will find the text invaluable.

Preface

1. Introduction

I. Rationale for a New Chemical Stratigraphy

II. The Model of Isotope Chronostratigraphy

III. The Format of This Synthesis

2. Principles of Interpretation

I. An Empirical Approach for Establishing Interwell Correlations and Zonations

II. Integration of Isotope Chronostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy

III. Effects of Diagenesis on Isotope Records

IV. Species Effects

3. Methodology

I. Generation of the Stable Isotope Data

II. Preparation of Well Samples for Isotopic Analyses

A. Foraminifera or Calcareous Nannofossil Analyses

B. Analyses of Unspecific Carbonate Phases from Whole Rock (Bulk) Carbonate

C. Effects of Sample Handling on δ Values

III. Cost Analysis and Turnaround Time

IV. New Technological Developments

4. The Tertiary Oxygen Isotope Record

I. Development of the Tertiary Isotope Record

II. Global δ180 Isotopic Changes in Tertiary Marine Carbonates

III. Comparisons between the Nannofossil and Foraminiferal δ18О Records

IV. Whole Rock (Bulk Sediment) Analyses and the Tertiary δ18О Record

5. The Tertiary Carbon Isotope Record

I. The Foraminiferal δ13C Record

II. Comparison of the Foraminiferal Nannofossil and Bulk Sediment δ13C Records

6. Detailed Studies of the Tertiary δ18O and δ13C Records by Epoch

I. Pleistocene δ18O Records

A. The Late Pleistocene δ18O Record (0-1.0 MYBP)

B. Extension of δ18O Stratigraphy into the Pliocene

C. Specific Application to the Gulf of Mexico

D. Summary

II. Pliocene Isotope Records

Pliocene Carbon Isotope Records

III. Miocene Isotope Records

Miocene Carbon Isotope Records

IV. Eocene and Oligocène Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Records

A. Eocene-Oligocene Boundary Event

B. Results from the Gulf of Mexico

V. Isotope Records for the Paleocene and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary

7. Stable Isotopic Evidence for and against Sea Level Changes during the Cenozoic

I. Introduction

II. Oxygen Isotopic Model for Cenozoic Sea Levels

A. Timing of Global δ180 Events

B. Magnitude of δ180 Inferred Sea Level Events

C. Rates of δ180 and Sea Level Change

III. δ180 Chronostratigraphy, Gulf Coast Regional Unconformities, and Eustatic Sea Levels of the Plio-Pleistocene of Offshore Gulf of Mexico

IV. Conclusions and Recommendations

8. Prospects for Applying Isotope Chronostratigraphy to Exploration Wells

I. Neogene Examples

A. The Gulf of Mexico

B. Offshore California—The Miocene Monterey Formation

II. Paleogene Examples

A. Offshore California

B. The Gulf of Mexico

III. Mesozoic and Paleozoic Examples

A. Cretaceous δ13C Events and Black Shales

B. Correlation of Basinal Clastics in Permian Strata, Delaware Basin, West Texas

C. Summary

9. Paleobathymetric Models Using the δ180 of Foraminifera

I. Basis of the Models

II. Distinguishing Eustatic from Tectonic Changes in Paleodepth

III. Distinguishing Uplift, Subsidence, and Progradation Changes in Paleodepth

IV. Summary

10. General Overview of the Empirical Approaches to Isotope Chronostratigraphy

11. Quantitative Methods of Analysis: Theoretical Considerations

12. Semblance Methods

13. Filter and Deconvolution Techniques

I. Least Squares Noise Minimization

II. The Common Signal Minimization Problem

III. The Location-Dependent Common Signal Problem

IV. The Magnitude of the Signal Problem

V. Maximum Likelihood

VI. Prediction Filters

A. The Fourier Transform of a Positive Function

B. Extrapolating the Fourier Transform

C. A Numerical Example

D. Relation to Maximum Entropy

VII. Relative Rates of Sedimentation

VIII. Matched Filters

14. Frequency Domain Methods

I. Noise Frequency Spectra

II. Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation Spectral Methods

A. Autocorrelation Power Spectra

B. Cross-Correlation Power Spectra

C. Multiple Cross-Correlation Power Spectra

III. Spectral Ratio Methods

IV. Homomorphic Deconvolution

A. Mathematical Framework

B. Intrinsic Isotopic Signal Extraction Methods

V. Phase Sensitive Detection of Isotopic Signals

A. Basic Arguments

B. Data Analysis Algorithms

C. Discrete Time Model and Analysis

15. Maximum Entropy and Q-Model Methods

I. Unbiased MEM

II. Biased MEM

III. End Members and Linear Unmixing

IV. Q-Model Types of Analysis

A. QMODEL Family of Algorithms

B. Nonconstant Sum

V. Summary

16. Numerical Examples and Case Histories

17. Filter and Deconvolution Methods

I. A Filter Response

II. Mapping Function Deconvolution, Noise, and Nonlinearity

18. Frequency Domain Methods

I. Linear Interpolation and Power Spectra

II. Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation in Time

III. Window Effects on Power Spectra

IV. Homomorphic Deconvolution

V. Multispectral Wiener Filtering

VI. Phase Sensitive Detection—Noise Analysis

VII. Predictive Wiener Filtering

19. Maximum Entropy Methods

I. Unbiased MEM

II. Biased MEM

III. QMODEL, EXTENDED QMODEL, and FUZZY QMODEL Unmixing

IV. End-Member Behaviors for EXTENDED and FUZZY QMODELS

20. An Integrated Application of Multiple Techniques

I. Signal Processing Strategy

II. Brief Explanation of Data Processing Methods Depth-Time Conversions and Interpolative Filters

III. Formulation of a TYPE Pleistocene δ18O Record with Time

IV. Comparison of the TYPE Record with Other Pleistocene δ18O Records

A. Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation

B. Semblance Methods

C. Power Spectra, Cross-Spectra, and Spectral Coherency

V. Summary

21. Summary

References

Index