
Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines
Description
Key Features
- Provides contributions from leading international authorities in the field
- Features immunopotentiators classified by function, with well-illustrated, informative figures presenting the interaction between the immunopotentiators and the host immune system
- Lists advantages and potential hurdles for achieving a practical application for each specific immunopotentiator
- Offers US FDA perspectives which highlight how future adjuvants will be approved for new generation vaccines
Readership
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Vaccine Adjuvants' Mode of Action: Unraveling ‘‘the Immunologist's Dirty Little Secret”
- Introduction
- Adjuvants Provide Start Signals for Immune Reactivity and Guide the Response to an Acceptable Magnitude
- Regulation of Immune Responses by Antigen Delivery (Signal 1)
- Facilitation of Signal 1
- Regulation of Signal 2
- Facilitation of Signal 2
- Release of Immune Brakes
- Signal 3: Regulating the Quality of Induced Immune Pathways and Immunity
- Facilitation of Signal 3
- Outlook
Chapter 2. The Role of Inflammasomes in Adjuvant-Driven Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses
- Introduction
Chapter 3. Dendritic Cells as Targets of Vaccines and Adjuvants
- Introduction
- General Characteristics of Dendritic Cells
- Dendritic Cells and T-Cell Activation
- The Role of Dendritic Cells in Prophylactic Vaccination
- The Role of Dendritic Cells in Therapeutic Vaccination
- Conclusions
Chapter 4. Host-Derived Cytokines and Chemokines as Vaccine Adjuvants
- Introduction
- Interleukin-1
- Interleukin-2
- Interleukin-6
- Interleukin-12
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
- Chemokines
- Interferon
- Concluding Remarks
Chapter 5. Discovery of Immune Potentiators as Vaccine Adjuvants
- Introduction
- Mode of Action of Empirically Derived Adjuvants: Aluminum Salts and Oil-In-Water Emulsions
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Agonists as Vaccine Immune Potentiators
- Toll-Like Receptors
- NOD-Like Receptors
- Combination of Immune Potentiators and Delivery Systems
- Small Molecule Immune Potentiators as New Adjuvants
- Design of Adjuvants Targeting Toll-Like Receptors
- Concluding Remarks
Chapter 6. Current Status of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Ligand Vaccine Adjuvants
- Introduction
- History
- Development Status of Clinical Toll-Like Receptor 4 Ligands
- Development Status of Selected Preclinical Toll-Like Receptor 4 Ligands
- Physicochemical Characterization
- Future Outlook
Chapter 7. Flagellins as Adjuvants of Vaccines
- List of Abbreviations
- Flagellins Are the Main Component of Bacterial Flagella
- Flagellin Is Recognized by Innate Receptors
- TLR5 Signaling Triggers the Transient Production of Immune Mediators by Myeloid and Epithelial Cells
- Direct Activation of Dendritic Cells by Flagellin
- Flagellin Also Activates Dendritic Cells by Indirect Signaling Through Structural Cells
- Flagellin Is a Potent Adjuvant for Vaccination
- Flagellin Potentiates Innate Antiinfectious and Tissue Repair Immune Effectors
- Concluding Remarks
Chapter 8. Toll-Like Receptor 7 and 8 Agonists for Vaccine Adjuvant Use
- Introduction
- Cellular Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 8 and Cross-Species Expression
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Ligands
- Adjuvant Action of Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Agonists
- Topical Application of Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Agonists for Use as Vaccine Adjuvants
- Approaches to Optimizing Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Adjuvant Effects
- Use of Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Agonists in Combination With Other Adjuvants
- Conclusions
Chapter 9. CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Adjuvants for Clinical Use
- Toll-Like Receptor Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides
- A Brief History of CpG DNA and Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Recognition of CpG Motifs
- The Signaling Pathway Utilized by Toll-Like Receptor 9
- TLR9 Expression by B Cells and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
- Classes of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides
- Next-Generation CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Adjuvants for Vaccines Targeting Infectious Pathogens
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide–Adjuvanted Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine, HEPLISAV
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide–Adjuvanted Anthrax Vaccine, NuThrax
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide–Adjuvanted Malaria Vaccines
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide–Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Stand-Alone Therapy for Infection
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Adjuvants for Vaccines Targeting Allergy
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Coupled to Ragweed Allergen
- QbG10 Coadministration With Allergen
- QbG10 Without Allergen
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Adjuvants for Vaccines Targeting Cancer
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides in Cancer Immunotherapy
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides in Cancer Monotherapy
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides and Chemotherapy for Cancer
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides and Radiation Therapy for Cancer
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer
- Adverse Events in Clinical Trials
- Limitations to the Interpretation of Clinical Data Involving CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides
- Conclusion and Perspectives
Chapter 10. Advax Adjuvant: A Potent and Safe Immunopotentiator Composed of Delta Inulin
- Delta Inulin Background
- Manufacture of Delta Inulin
- Advax-Adjuvanted Hepatitis B Vaccine
- Advax-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines
- Other Advax-Adjuvanted Vaccines
- Mechanism of Action
- Preclinical Safety and Toxicology
- Conclusions
Chapter 11. Natural Vaccine Adjuvants and Immunopotentiators Derived From Plants, Fungi, Marine Organisms, and Insects
- Introduction
- Plant-Derived Immunopotentiators
- Potential Adjuvants Derived From Fungi
- Marine Organism–Derived Immunopotentiators
- Insect-Derived Immunopotentiators
- Challenges Faced With Natural Product Research
- Methods Used for Screening Vaccine Adjuvants From Natural Products
- Conclusions
Chapter 12. Polymeric Particles as Vaccine Delivery Systems
- Introduction
- Use of PLG for Drug Delivery
- Use of PLG for Vaccine Delivery
- Conclusions
Chapter 13. MF59: A Safe and Potent Adjuvant for Human Use
- Introduction
- Initial Development of MF59 Adjuvant
- Composition of MF59
- Manufacturing of MF59
- The Mechanism of Action of MF59
- MF59 Safety Profile
- MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine
- MF59 With Other Noninfluenza Vaccines
- Future Perspectives on the Use of MF59
Chapter 14. The Development of the Adjuvant System AS01: A Combination of Two Immunostimulants MPL and QS-21 in Liposomes
- Introduction
- AS01 Formulation Development
- Rational for AS01 Selection
- Clinical Experience
- AS01 Mode of Action
- Regulatory Considerations
- Conclusions
Chapter 15. Development and Evaluation of AS04, a Novel and Improved Adjuvant System Containing 3-O-Desacyl-4′- Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Aluminum Salt
- Introduction
- AS04 Adjuvant System
- AS04 Formulation Process
- 3-O-Desacyl-4′- Monophosphoryl Lipid A Dose Selection
- Safety Aspects of Adjuvants for Use in Vaccines
- Examples of AS04-Based Vaccines
- Summary
Chapter 16. ISCOMATRIX Adjuvant in the Development of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines
- Introduction
- Induction of T-Cell Responses by ISCOMATRIX Vaccines
- Induction of Antibody Responses by ISCOMATRIX Vaccines
- ISCOMATRIX Adjuvant Promotes Antigen Dose Sparing
- Clinical Studies Involving ISCOMATRIX Vaccines
- Use of ISCOMATRIX Adjuvant in Infectious Disease Vaccine Development
- Evaluation for Use in Hepatitis B Vaccine
- Evaluation for Use in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines
- Evaluation for Use in Rabies Vaccines
- Evaluation for Use in Dengue Vaccines
- Evaluation for Use in Respiratory Syncitial Virus Vaccines
- Evaluation for Use in Pandemic Influenza Vaccines
- Evaluation for Use in Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Vaccines
- Evaluation for Bacterial and Parasitic Vaccines
- Combining ISCOMATRIX Adjuvant With Other Immune Stimulators for Cancer Therapy
- Conclusion
Chapter 17. Development and Evaluation of CAF01
- Introduction
- CAF01 Adjuvant Formulation
- Preclinical Immunogenicity Assessment
- Safety Evaluation
- Clinical Immunogenicity Assessment
- Adjuvant Mechanism
- Combination With Other Adjuvants
- Future Perspectives
Chapter 18. Mineral Adjuvants
- Introduction
- Preparation and Crystalline Structure of Mineral Adjuvants
- Application of Mineral Adjuvants
- Vaccine Stability and Metallic Ions
- Dosing Mineral Adjuvants
- Mechanisms of Adjuvant Activity
- In Vivo Clearing of Aluminum and Calcium Adjuvants
- Side Effect Profile of Mineral Adjuvants
- Concluding Remarks
Chapter 19. Toxin-Based Mucosal Adjuvants
- Preface
- Cholera Toxin and Attempts to Separate Toxicity From Adjuvant Functions
- Efforts to Develop Safe and Potent LT-Based Mucosal Adjuvants for Human Use
- Pertussis Toxin–Derived Adjuvants
- Rational Design of Novel CT-Based Adjuvants With Maintained ADP-Ribosylating Property
- Concluding Remarks
Chapter 20. Adjuvants for Skin Vaccination
- Introduction
- Skin as a Vaccination Site
- Routes of Skin Vaccination
- Adjuvants for Skin Immunization
- Skin Adjuvants in Clinical Trials
- Conclusions
Chapter 21. Vaccination to Treat Noninfectious Diseases: Surveying the Opportunities
- Introduction
- The Immune System
- Induction of an Immune Response by Vaccination: General Considerations
- Adjuvants in Immunotherapy Based on Induction of Antibodies
- Potential and Actual Problems With Active Vaccination
- Adjuvants to Stimulate T-Cell Immunity
- Adjuvants and Vaccines to Enhance Innate Immunity
- Adjuvants and Vaccines Based on Humoral Immunity
- Adjuvants and Vaccine Strategies to Enhance the Immunogenicity of Tumor Antigens
- Vaccination Against Allergies
- Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 22. A Framework for Evaluating Nonclinical Safety of Novel Adjuvants and Adjuvanted Preventive Vaccines
- Introduction
- Current Status of Relevant, Global Regulatory Guidance and Initiatives
- Foundation of a Good Preclinical Safety Package
- Adjuvants, Adjuvanted Vaccines, and the Potential for Immune-Mediated Disease
- Conclusions
Conclusions—“Getting Better”
Product details
- No. of pages: 508
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 2016
- Published: November 2, 2016
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardcover ISBN: 9780128040195
- eBook ISBN: 9780128040959
About the Editors
Virgil Schijns

Affiliations and Expertise
Derek O'Hagan
Affiliations and Expertise
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