Hydrostatic, Aerostatic and Hybrid Bearing Design

Preface

Usual Meaning of Symbols

Chapter 1. Application

1.1 Introduction

1.2 What are Hydrostatic, Hybrid, and Aerostatic Bearings?

1.3 When are Hydrostatic, Hybrid, and Aerostatic Bearings Employed?

1.4 Bearing Selection

1.5 Bearing Categories

1.6 Commercial Applications

1.7 Materials and Manufacture

1.8 Aerostatic Bearings

1.9 How to Read and Use the Book

References

Chapter 2. Basic Flow Theory

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Viscosity

2.3 Density and Consistent Units

2.4 Compressibility

2.5 Viscous Flow Between Parallel Plates

2.6 Combined Pressure- and Velocity-Induced Viscous Flow in a Two-Dimensional Nonparallel Film

2.7 Flow Through Restrictors

2.8 Recess Pressure and Pressure Ratio

2.9 Bearing Load

2.10 Use of Normalized Data

2.11 Aerostatic Bearings—Summary of Relationships

References

Further Reading

Chapter 3. Power, Temperature Rise, and Shape Optimization

Summary of Key Design Formulae

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Pumping Power Hp

3.3 Friction Power Hf

3.4 Power Ratio K

3.5 Temperature Rise ΔT

3.6 Minimum Power as an Optimization Criterion

3.7 Minimum Power for Low-Speed Bearings (K = 0)

3.8 Minimum Power for High-Speed Recessed Bearings

3.9 Speed Parameter Sh and Optimum Value Sho

3.10 Optimization of Plain Nonrecessed Hybrid Bearings

References

Chapter 4. Pads

Summary of Key Design Formulae

4.1 Pad Shapes and Shape Factors

4.2 Virtual Recesses and Dispersion Losses

4.3 Circular Pads

4.4 Square Pad Data

4.5 Rectangular Pad Data

4.6 Annular Recess Circular Pad Data

4.7 Conical Pad Data

4.8 Spherical Pad Data

4.9 Multi-Recess Circular Pad Data

4.10 Multi-Recess Rectangular Pad Data

4.11 Data for Rectangular Pad with Radiussed Recess Corners

4.12 Data for Any Shape with Thin Constant Land Width

4.13 Annular Multi-Recess Pad Data

Chapter 5. Flow Control and Restrictors

Summary of Key Design Formulae

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bearing Film Stiffness

5.3 Hydrostatic Circuit Design and Sealing

5.4 Load and Stiffness of Capillary-Controlled Pads

5.5 Flow Control Mechanisms

5.6 General Stiffness Laws for Hydrostatic and Aerostatic Bearing Pads

5.7 Aerostatic Bearings and Flow Control

References

Appendix Tabular Design Procedures for Restrictors and Worked Examples

Chapter 6. Basis of Design Procedures

6.1 Introduction

6.2 An Acceptable Range for Design Pressure Ratio

6.3 Zero- and Low-Speed Hydrostatic Bearings

6.4 Zero- and Low-Speed Aerostatic Bearings

6.5 Optional Size Limits and Tolerances for Film Thickness

6.6 High-Speed Bearings

6.7 Specification for ISO Limits and Fits

6.8 Tolerance Grades for Hydrostatic and Aerostatic Bearings

References

Chapter 7. Plane Hydrostatic and Aerostatic Bearings

Summary of Key Design Formulae

7.1 Use of the Design Charts

7.2 Choice of Land Width

7.3 Flow Variation with Film Thickness

7.4 Load Variation with Film Thickness

7.5 Stiffness Variation with Film Thickness

7.6 Single-Pad Bearings

7.7 Equal Opposed-Pad Bearings

7.8 Unequal Opposed-Pad Bearings

7.9 Complex Arrangements of Pads (Capillary Controlled)

Appendix Tabular Design Procedures

Chapter 8. Partial Journal Bearings

Summary of Key Design Formulae

8.1 Recessed Partial Journal Bearings

8.2 Partial Journal Bearings with a High-Pressure Supply Groove

Reference

Chapter 9. Recessed Hydrostatic Journal Bearings

Summary of Key Design Formulae

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Flow

9.3 Load

9.4 Power, Power Ratio, and Temperature Rise

9.5 Land-Width Ratios and Concentric Pressure Ratio

9.6 Selection of Tolerances for Bearing Film Clearance

9.7 Selection of Supply Pressure, Viscosity, and Clearance

9.8 Bearing Film Stiffness

References

Appendix 1 Derivation of Journal Bearing Stiffness by an Approximate Analytical Method

Appendix 2 Tabular Design Procedure

Chapter 10. Plain Journal Bearings

Summary of Key Design Formulae

Part A Hydrostatic/Hybrid Plain Journal Bearings

10.2 Selection of Bearing Configuration

10.3 Power Ratio, K

10.4 Concentric Hydrostatic Pressure Ratio, β

10.5 Bearing Clearance and Clearance Limits

10.6 Hydrostatic Load Support

10.7 Hybrid Slot-Entry Bearings

10.8 Hybrid Hole-Entry Bearings

10.9 Size of Slot and Hole-Entry Ports

10.10 Summary of Hydrostatic and Hybrid Load Support

10.11 Concentric Hydrostatic/Hybrid Flow

10.12 Power and Temperature Rise

Part B Aerostatic Plain Journal Bearings

10.14 Concentric Aerostatic Pressure Ratio, Kgo

10.15 Aerostatic Clearance and Clearance Limits

10.16 Aerostatic Load Support

10.17 Concentric Aerostatic Flow

10.18 Hybrid Aerostatic Journal Bearings

10.19 Materials and Surface Texture for Journal Bearings

References

Appendix Tabular Design Procedures

Chapter 11. The Yates Bearing

Summary of Key Design Formulae

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Principle of Operation

11.3 Basic Parameters for the Yates Bearing

11.4 Hydrostatic Design Procedure

11.5 Aerostatic Yates Bearings

11.6 Aerostatic Design Procedure

References

Chapter 12. Conical Journal Bearings

Summary of Key Design Formulae

12.1 Application

12.2 Basic Parameters

12.3 Single-Cone Bearings

12.4 Complementary-Cone Spindle Bearings

12.5 High-Speed Design

12.6 Design Procedure for a Complementary-Cone Hydrostatic Bearing

12.7 Design Procedure for a Complementary-Cone Aerostatic Bearing

References

Chapter 13. Spherical Bearings

Summary of Key Design Formulae

13.1 Application

13.2 Basic Parameters

13.3 Central-Recess Spherical Bearing

13.4 Annular-Recess Spherical Bearing

13.5 Single Multi-Recess Spherical Bearings

13.6 Opposed Multi-Recess Spherical Bearings

Reference

Chapter 14. Dynamics

Summary of Key Design Formulae

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Static Loading

14.3 Dynamic Loading

14.4 Squeeze Film Damping

14.5 Compressibility in Hydrostatic and Aerostatic Bearings

14.6 Dynamic Model of a Thrust Pad

14.7 Hydrostatic Thrust Pad with Thin Lands

14.8 Journal Bearings: Equations of Motion

14.9 Journal Bearings in the Concentric Condition

14.10 Eccentric Journal Bearings

References

Chapter 15. Experimental Methods and Testing

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Flat-Pad Rig

15.3 Cylindrical Journal Bearing Rig

15.4 Publications on Experimental Behavior

References