High and Low Erucic Acid in Rapeseed Oils
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High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils: Production, Usage, Chemistry, and Toxicological Evaluation covers a wide range of subjects related to rapeseed, that is, from plant breeding, industrial processing, to nutrition and biochemistry. Composed of 22 chapters, this book first discusses the origin and properties of Brassica oilseed crops. Subsequent chapters describe the world production and trade of rapeseed and its products, as well as the history and marketing of rapeseed oil in Canada. Other chapters elucidate the chemical composition of rapeseed oil; the introduction and consumption of low erucic acid rapeseed varieties in Canada; and the development of improved rapeseed cultivars. Results obtained with consumption of high and low erucic acid rapeseed oils to experimental animals are also shown. This work will be helpful as an introductory material to those who are not familiar with the production, use, and properties of rapeseed oil.
Table of Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
1 The Origin and Description of the Brassica Oilseed Crops
I. Introduction
II. Domestication and Species Relationships
III. Origin and Distribution
IV. Crop Forms and Cultivation
V. Plant and Seed Development
VI. Rapeseed Oil
VII. Rapeseed Meal
VIII. Changing Quality
References
2 World Production and Trade of Rapeseed and Rapeseed Products
I. Introduction
II. Production of Rapeseed and Mustard—World Basis
III. Production, Import, and Export of Rapeseed by Countries
IV. Canola Meal—A Major Breakthrough
V. Conclusions
References
3 The History and Marketing of Rapeseed Oil in Canada
I. Background
II. Introduction of Rapeseed to Canada
III. Early Use and Development of Rapeseed
IV. The Story of Partnership and Teamwork
V. The Nutrition Issue
VI. Quality Standards of Rapeseed and Canola Oil
VII. Marketing
VIII. Industry Associations
References
4 Chemical Composition of Rapeseed Oil
I. Introduction
II. Fatty Acids
III. Triglycerides
IV. Physical Properties
V. Sterols
VI. Tocopherols
VII. Polar Lipids (Gums)
VIII. Sulfur
IX. Selenium, Heavy Metals, and Organic Toxins
X. Specifications
References
5 Pathways of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Higher Plants with Particular Reference to Developing Rapeseed
I. Introduction
II. The Basic Pathway
III. Biosynthesis of Erucic Acid in Developing Rapeseed
IV. Conclusion
References
6 The Development of Improved Rapeseed Cultivars
I. Introduction
II. Rapeseed Breeding
III. Canola in Other Countries
IV. Future Trends
References
7 The Introduction of Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Varieties into Canadian Production
I. Introduction
II. Development and Quality of Rapeseed Varieties in Canada prior to 1970
III. Mechanism of Rapeseed Varietal Development
IV. The Decision to Convert to LEAR Varieties
V. Monitoring the Conversion to LEAR
VI. Conversion to Canola
VII. High Erucic Acid Rapeseed in Western Canada
References
8 Rapeseed Crushing and Extraction
I. A Historical Review of the Canadian Rapeseed Crushing Industry
II. Preprocessing
III. Rapeseed Constituents and Their Possible Interaction
IV. Processing
9 The Commercial Processing of Low and High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils
I. Introduction
II. Unit Processes
III. Current Applications of HEAR Oil for Edible Uses
References
10 Current Consumption of Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil by Canadians
I. Introduction
II. Level of Use of Fats and Oils
III. Sources of Domestically Deodorized Fats and Oils
IV. Availability of Rapeseed Oil to Canadians (1966-1980)
V. Demographic Variables Affecting Rapeseed Oil Consumption
References
11 The Problems Associated with the Feeding of High Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils and Some Fish Oils to Experimental Animals
I. Introduction
II. Growth Performance with HEAR Oils
III. The Digestibility of HEAR Oils
IV. Myocardial Lipidosis in Rats
V. Myocardial Necrosis in Rats
VI. Is Myocardial Lipidosis Linked to Myocardial Necrosis?
VII. Effects on Other Tissues When HEAR Oil Is Fed to Rats
VIII. The Myocardial Tolerance to HEAR Oil in the Diet by Species Other Than the Rat
IX. The Involvement of Health Agencies in Lowering the Erucic Acid Content of Rapeseed Oils
X. Current Regulations on Permissible Erucic Acid Levels
References
12 Cardiopathology Associated with the Feeding of Vegetable and Marine Oils
I. Introduction
II. Rats
III. Swine
IV. Monkeys
V. Poultry
VI. Conclusions
References
13 The Composition of Diets Used in Rapeseed Oil Feeding Trials
I. Introduction
II. Dietary Protocols
III. Conclusions
References
14 The Metabolism of Docosenoic Acids in the Heart
I. Substrates for Myocardial Oxidation
II. The Utilization of Fat by Heart Muscle
III. Alterations in Cardiac Metabolisms When Rats Are Fed Diets That Contain Erucic Acid
IV. The Role of the Peroxisomal System in Myocardial Lipidosis
V. Cardiac Respiratory Rates and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Rats Fed HEAR Oil Containing Diets
VI. Interspecies Differences in Cardiac Lipids
VII. Some Interspecies Differences in Myocardial Metabolism
References
15 The Regulation of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation
I. Introduction
II. ß-Oxidation
III. ω-Oxidation
IV. Integrated Regulation of Mitochondrial Oxidation
References
16 The Mechanisms of Fatty Acid Chain Elongation and Desaturation in Animals
I. Introduction
II. The 9-Desaturase(s)
III. The 6-Desaturase(s)
IV. The 5-Desaturase(s)
V. The 4-Desaturase(s)
VI. Microsomal Fatty Acid Chain Elongation
VII. Retrocon version
VIII. Regulation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
References
17 Results Obtained with Feeding Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils and Other Vegetable Oils to Rats and Other Species
I. Introduction
II. Nutritional and Pathological Properties
III. Results with Rats
IV. Results with Pigs
V. Results with Dogs
VI. Results with Swiss Mice
VII. Results with Monkeys
VIII. Conclusion
References
18 Cardiac Lipid Changes in Rats, Pigs, and Monkeys Fed High Fat Diets
I. Introduction
II. Fatty Acid Composition of Vegetable Oils and Fats
III. Changes in Cardiac Lipids of Rats Fed Different Oils and Fats
IV. Changes in Cardiac Lipids of Pigs and Monkeys Fed Different Oils and Fats and How These Changes Compare to Those Observed in Rats
V. Can the Myocardial Disorders Ascribed to the Feeding of Rapeseed Oil Be Correlated to Cardiac Lipid Charges?
References
19 The Use of Statistics in Assessing the Results from Experiments with Vegetable Oils Fed to Test Animals
I. Introduction
II. Body Weight and Growth Data
III. Some Problems in Analyzing Relative Measurements
IV. Random Variation in the Measurement of Dietary Components
V. The Analysis of Incidence Data
VI. Sample Size and Incidence Data
VII. Sample Size in the Context of Estimation
VIII. Conclusion
References
20 Studies with High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil in Man
I. Introduction
II. Digestibility of Hear Oil and Lear Oil by Humans
III. Serum Lipid Changes Accompanying the Ingestion of Hear and Lear Oils
IV. Hematological Profiles of Subjects Given Hear and Lear Oil Diets
V. Energy Metabolism in Young Men Given LEAR and Soybean Oils
References
21 The Relevance to Humans of Myocardial Lesions Induced in Rats by Marine and Rapeseed Oils
I. Historical Background and Regulatory Concern
II. The Laboratory Rat as an Experimental Model for Safety Assessment of Rapeseed Oils
III. Studies in Humans
IV. Safety Assessment Considerations
V. Conclusions
References
22 Some Recent Innovations in Canola Processing Technology
I. Introduction
II. Cold Processing of Canola Seed
III. Chemical Degumming
IV. Physical Refining
V. Conclusions
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 624
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1983
- Published: April 28, 1983
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780323138017
About the Author
John K G Kramer
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