Health and Environmental Safety of Nanomaterials

The first edition of Health and Environmental Safety of Nanomaterials: Polymer Nanocomposites and Other Materials Containing Nanoparticles was published in 2014, but since that time, new developments in the field of nanomaterials safety have emerged, both at release and exposure, along with the expanding applications of the nanomaterials side. Numerous studies have been dedicated to the issue of biophysical interactions of nanoparticles with the human body at the organ, cellular, and molecular levels. In this second edition, all the chapters have been brought fully up to date. There are also four brand new chapters on the biophysical interaction of nanoparticles with the human body; advanced modeling approaches to help elucidate the nanorisks; safety measures at work with nanoparticles; and the health and environmental risks of graphene. It provides key knowledge and information needs for all those who are working in the research and development sector and need to learn more about the safety of nanomaterials.

List of contributors xv

Preface xix

Part I General Introduction 1

1 Nanomaterials, nanofillers, and nanocomposites:

types and properties 3

James Njuguna, Farahnaz Ansari, Sophia Sachse,

Veronica Marchante Rodriguez, Shohel Siqqique

and Huijun Zhu

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Key terms and definitions 6

1.3 Common physical and chemical properties 7

1.3.1 Morphology and dimension 7

1.3.2 Composition 8

1.3.3 Agglomeration 8

1.3.4 Diffusion 8

1.3.5 Deposition 9

1.3.6 Surface coating and functionalization 10

1.3.7 Particle chemistry and crystalline structure 11

1.4 Types of nanofiller 11

1.4.1 Quantum dots 12

1.4.2 Nanotubes 12

1.4.3 Nanowires 13

1.4.4 Layered silicates 13

1.4.5 Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes 14

1.4.6 Dendrimers 16

1.4.7 Metal oxides 17

1.4.8 Graphene oxides 17

1.4.9 MXenes 19

1.5 Nanocomposites: selected examples 21

1.5.1 Nanocomposites filled with nanoplates 21

1.5.2 Nanocomposites filled with nanoparticles 25

1.5.3 Polyamide-6/clay nanocomposites 26

1.5.4 LDPE clay nanocomposites 28

1.5.5 Fiber surface modification and the deposition

of nanofiller on carbon fiber surface 29

1.5.6 Graphene/carbon fiber

1.6 Conclusion 32

Acknowledgment 33

References 33

2 Mechanisms of toxicity of engineered nanoparticles: adverse

outcome pathway for dietary silver nanoparticles in mussels 39

M.P. Cajaraville, N. Duroudier and E. Bilbao

2.1 Introduction 39

2.2 Factors affecting fate and toxicity of engineered nanoparticles

in aquatic environments 40

2.2.1 Intrinsic properties 42

2.2.2 Physicochemical processes 43

2.3 Uptake and toxicity of engineered nanoparticles in

aquatic organisms 43

2.4 Silver nanoparticles in the environment 45

2.4.1 Microalgae 48

2.4.2 Invertebrates 49

2.4.3 Fish 51

2.5 Bivalve mollusks as model species 52

2.5.1 Bivalves and eco-nanotoxicology 53

2.5.2 Biomarkers as suitable tools for assessing nanoparticles

toxicity in mussels 55

2.5.3 The omic’s approach: discovering new biomarkers

and adverse outcome pathways 57

2.5.4 Trophic transfer studies 58

2.6 Adverse outcome pathway for dietary silver nanoparticles

in mussels 59

2.7 Concluding remarks and future trends 67

Acknowledgments 68

References 68

3 Safety, regulation, and policy 83

Halshka Graczyk, Luca Fontana, Maged Younes and Ivo Iavicoli

3.1 Introduction: approaches to regulatory actions 83

3.2 Challenges for regulatory standards toward manufactured

nanomaterials 84

3.3 Existing standards covering international guidance 86

3.3.1 Definitions of nanomaterials 86

3.3.2 Risk assessment of nanomaterials 87

3.3.3 Occupational exposure limits 89

3.4 The way forward and conclusions 93

References 93

Part II Assessment of nanomaterials release and exposure 97

4 Measurement, testing, and characterization of airborne

nanoparticles released from machining of nanoreinforced composites 99

Kristof Starost, Sophia Sachse and James Njuguna

4.1 Introduction 99

4.2 Sampling and measurement techniques 105

4.3 Controlled environment for particle measurement 110

4.4 Guidelines, handbooks, and recommendations 118

4.5 Conclusion 120

References 122

Polymer Nanocomposites and Other Materials Containing Nanoparticles

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James Njuguna

Krzysztof Pielichowski

Huijun Zhu