Handbook of Solid State Diffusion: Volume 1

Handbook of Solid State Diffusion, Volume 1: Diffusion Fundamentals and Techniques covers the basic fundamentals, techniques, applications, and latest developments in the area of solid-state diffusion, offering a pedagogical understanding for students, academicians, and development engineers. Both experimental techniques and computational methods find equal importance in the first of this two-volume set.

Volume 1 covers the fundamentals and techniques of solid-state diffusion, beginning with a comprehensive discussion of defects, then different analyzing methods, and finally concluding with an exploration of the different types of modeling techniques.

• Presents a handbook with a short mathematical background and detailed examples of concrete applications of the sophisticated methods of analysis
• Enables readers to learn the basic concepts of experimental approaches and the computational methods involved in solid-state diffusion
• Covers bulk, thin film, and nanomaterials
• Introduces the problems and analysis in important materials systems in various applications
• Collates contributions from academic and industrial problems from leading scientists involved in developing key concepts across the globe

Students, academicians, researchers dealing with solid-state diffusion. Scientists and professionals involved in materials for various applications and for the development of new materials

Chapter 1: Defects, Driving Forces and Definitions of Diffusion Coefficients in Solids

• Abstract
• 1.1. Defects in Crystalline Solid
• 1.2. Driving Forces for Diffusion
• 1.3. Definitions of Different Types of Diffusions
• References

Chapter 2: Tracer Diffusion and Understanding the Atomic Mechanisms of Diffusion

• Abstract
• 2.1. Introduction
• 2.2. (Radio-)Tracer Method
• 2.3. Solute (Impurity) Diffusion
• 2.4. Experimental Determination of the Diffusion Mechanism
• References

Chapter 3: Estimation of Diffusion Coefficients in Binary and Pseudo-Binary Bulk Diffusion Couples

• Abstract
• 3.1. Fick's Laws of Diffusion
• 3.2. Solutions of Fick's Second Law Considering Constant Diffusion Coefficients
• 3.3. Matano–Boltzmann Analysis for the Estimation the Variable Interdiffusion Coefficients
• 3.4. Den Broeder Approach to Determine the Interdiffusion Coefficient
• 3.5. Wagner's Approach for the Calculation of the Interdiffusion Coefficient [11]
• 3.6. Deviation From Ideal Molar Volume and Error in Locating the Initial Contact Plane (or Matano Plane)
• 3.7. Comparison of the Interdiffusion Coefficients Estimated by Different Methods
• 3.8. The Concept of the Integrated Interdiffusion Coefficient for the Phases With Narrow Homogeneity Range
• 3.9. Parabolic Growth Constant
• 3.10. Estimation of the Intrinsic Diffusion Coefficients of Components
• 3.11. Identifying the Location of Kirkendall Marker Plane
• 3.12. Multifoil Technique to Estimate the Intrinsic Diffusion Coefficients for Many Compositions From a Single Diffusion Couple
• 3.13. Estimation of the Tracer Diffusion Coefficients Indirectly From Diffusion Couple Experiments
• 3.14. Intrinsic and Tracer Diffusion Coefficients in a Phase With Narrow Homogeneity Range
• 3.15. Estimation of the Impurity Diffusion Coefficients
• 3.16. A Pseudo-Binary Approach in Multicomponent Diffusion
• 3.17. Important Steps for Estimation of the Diffusion Parameters
• 3.18. Analysis of Diffusion Data for Understanding the Role of Thermodynamic Driving Force and Defects
• 3.19. Predicting the Defects Present Based on the Estimated Diffusion Coefficients in Intermetallic Compounds
• 3.20. Physical Significance of the Estimated Diffusion Coefficients
• References

Chapter 4: Diffusion in Multicomponent Alloys

• Abstract
• 4.1. Intrinsic Diffusion in Multicomponent Alloys
• 4.2. Atomic Mobility and Vacancy Wind Effect in Multicomponent Alloys
• 4.3. Interdiffusion in Multicomponent Alloys
• 4.4. Zero Flux Plane (ZFP)
• 4.5. Average Effective and Integrated Diffusion Coefficients in Multicomponent Systems
• 4.6. Average Ternary Interdiffusion Coefficients
• 4.7. A Transfer Matrix Analysis of Multicomponent Diffusion
• 4.8. Estimation of Tracer Diffusion Coefficients in a Ternary System
• 4.9. Determination of Equilibrium Phase Diagram
• 4.10. Examples of Multicomponent Diffusion
• References

Chapter 5: Point Defects and Diffusion in Semiconductors

• Abstract
• 5.1. Introduction
• 5.2. Point Defect Fundamentals in Semiconductors
• 5.3. Diffusion Mechanism Basics in Semiconductors
• 5.4. Diffusion in Silicon
• 5.5. Diffusion in Germanium
• 5.6. Diffusion in Gallium Arsenide
• 5.7. Diffusion–Segregation: A Special Subject
• 5.8. Concluding Remarks
• References

Chapter 6: CALPHAD-Type Modeling of Diffusion Kinetics in Multicomponent Alloys

• Abstract
• 6.1. Multicomponent Diffusion Theory
• 6.2. Atomic Mobility and Its Relation With Diffusion Coefficients
• 6.3. Models for Atomic Mobility in Different Phases
• 6.4. A Simulation Tool for Diffusion-Controlled Transformation – DICTRA
• 6.5. General Strategy for Establishment of Atomic Mobility Database in Multicomponent Alloys
• 6.6. Applications of DICTRA in Different Multicomponent Alloys
• 6.7. Further Extension to Complex Precipitation and Microstructure Simulation
• References

Chapter 7: Phase-Field Modeling as a Method Relevant for Modeling Phase Transformation During Interdiffusion

• Abstract
• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. Phase-Field Models
• 7.3. Phase-Field Model: Relevant to Modeling Phase Transformations in Diffusion Couples
• 7.4. Modeling Kirkendall Effect in a Binary Alloy
• 7.5. Multicomponent Couples (no Vacancies)
• 7.6. Incorporating Databases
• 7.7. Conclusions
• References

Chapter 8: Thermodynamic Treatment of Diffusive Phase Transformation (Reactive Diffusion)

• Abstract
• Acknowledgements
• 8.1. Introduction
• 8.2. Formulation of TEP in Discrete Characteristic Parameters
• 8.3. Treatment of Reactive Diffusion in Binary Systems With Multiple Stoichiometric Phases by Adapted Diffusion Equations
• 8.4. Treatment of Reactive Diffusion in Binary Systems With Multiple Stoichiometric Phases by Application of TEP
• 8.5. Formation of Multiple Stoichiometric Phases in Binary Systems by Combined Bulk and Grain Boundary Diffusion – Experiments and Modeling by the TEP
• References

Chapter 9: Monte Carlo Methods in Solid State Diffusion

• Abstract
• Acknowledgements
• 9.1. Introduction
• 9.2. Solid State Diffusion and Kinetic Monte Carlo
• 9.3. Solid State Diffusion and Lattice Monte Carlo
• References

Chapter 10: Defects and Diffusion in Ordered Compounds

• Abstract
• 10.1. Introduction
• 10.2. Point Defects in Intermetallic Compounds
• 10.3. Diffusion Mechanisms in Ordered Intermetallics
• 10.4. Measurements of Al Diffusion in Aluminides
• 10.5. Diffusion in Ordered Binary Aluminides
• 10.6. Diffusion in the Ternary System Ni–Fe–Al
• 10.7. General Conclusions
• References