Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a commercially attractive phase of the commodity that facilitates the efficient handling and transportation of natural gas around the world. The LNG industry, using technologies proven over decades of development, continues to expand its markets, diversify its supply chains and increase its share of the global natural gas trade. The Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas is a timely book as the industry is currently developing new large sources of supply and the technologies have evolved in recent years to enable offshore infrastructure to develop and handle resources in more remote and harsher environments. It is the only book of its kind, covering the many aspects of the LNG supply chain from liquefaction to regasification by addressing the LNG industries’ fundamentals and markets, as well as detailed engineering and design principles. A unique, well-documented, and forward-thinking work, this reference book provides an ideal platform for scientists, engineers, and other professionals involved in the LNG industry to gain a better understanding of the key basic and advanced topics relevant to LNG projects in operation and/or in planning and development.

• Highlights the developments in the natural gas liquefaction industries and the challenges in meeting environmental regulations
• Provides guidelines in utilizing the full potential of LNG assets
• Offers advices on LNG plant design and operation based on proven practices and design experience
• Emphasizes technology selection and innovation with focus on a “fit-for-purpose” design
• Updates code and regulation, safety, and security requirements for LNG applications
  

Professional LNG process engineers and technologists, LNG plant designers and operators, scientists and researchers working in the LNG industry

Dedication

Authors’ Biographical Sketches

Contributors

Preface

Endorsements

Chapter 1. LNG Fundamentals

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Monetizing stranded gas

1.3 LNG characteristics

1.4 Traditional LNG supply chain

1.5 Offshore LNG supply chain

1.6 LNG environmental aspects

1.7 Costs and economic implications of LNG facilities

1.8 LNG contracts and project development

1.9 LNG trade

References

Chapter 2. Gas Conditioning and NGL Recovery Technologies

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 LNG production plants

References

Chapter 3. Natural Gas Liquefaction

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Natural gas liquefaction technology

3.3 Offshore natural gas liquefaction

References

Chapter 4. Energy and Exergy Analyses of Natural Gas Liquefaction Cycles

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Refrigeration/liquefaction cycle principles

4.3 Refrigerant selections

4.4 Fundamentals of energy and exergy analysis

4.5 Energy and exergy analyses of natural gas liquefaction cycles

References

Chapter 5. Natural Gas Liquefaction Cycle Enhancements and Optimization

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Natural gas liquefaction cycle enhancement types

5.3 Energy consumption enhancement options by recovering process losses and waste heat

5.4 Brief introduction to optimization

5.5 Liquefaction cycle optimization

5.6 Driver cycle optimization

5.7 Mobile LNG plants optimal design challenges

References

Chapter 6. Process Control and Automation of LNG Plants and Import Terminals

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Objectives of LNG plant automation

6.3 LNG plant process control/automation development and functionalities

6.4 Process control of key units in LNG plants

6.5 Advanced process control and optimization of LNG plants

6.6 Process control and automation in LNG import terminals

6.7 Case study 1: advanced process control for APCI C3MR LNG process

References

Chapter 7. LNG Plant and Regasification Terminal Operations

Abstract

7.1 Introduction

7.2 LNG plant normal operation

7.3 General startup sequence

7.4 LNG plant startup

7.5 LNG plant shutdown

7.6 Performance and acceptance test

7.7 LNG regasification terminal normal operation

7.8 LNG regasification terminal startup

7.9 LNG regasification terminal shutdown

References

Chapter 8. Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of LNG Plants and Import Terminals

Abstract

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Life cycle dynamic simulation of LNG plants and import terminals

8.3 Dynamic modeling of LNG plants

8.4 Applications of dynamic simulation in LNG

8.5 Dynamic simulation of LNG import terminals

References

Chapter 9. LNG Safety and Security Aspects

Abstract

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Hazards associated with LNG plants

9.3 Safety features of LNG facilities

9.4 LNG risk analysis and controls

9.5 LNG security

References

Chapter 10. Advances and Innovations in LNG Industry

Abstract

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Innovations in LNG liquefaction

10.3 LNG regasification

References

Chapter 11. LNG Project Management

Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Project management sequence

11.3 Success of engineering and design

11.4 Sponsor–contractor relationships

11.5 Defining business and project objectives

11.6 The project charter

11.7 Project risk assessments and risk management plans

11.8 Pre-FEED or conceptual risks

11.9 Key project management considerations for LNG projects

11.10 Scenario-based risk assessment

11.11 Technical and extreme risks (engineering and design)

11.12 Hazards and operability (HAZOP) studies

11.13 Project execution risks

11.14 Additional specific precommissioning risk assessments

11.15 Focusing planning stages on constructability

11.16 Developing a project constructability program

11.17 Project cost, schedule estimating, and modeling

11.18 Quality assurance, control, and inspection

11.19 Technology verification and risk-based verification

11.20 Engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contracts

11.21 EPC contractor selection and design competitions

11.22 Project management case study: Peru LNG

11.23 Ensuring continuity from project construction to plant operations

11.24 Integrated approaches to achieve high standards of performance

11.25 Conclusions

References

Appendix 1. An LNG Primer: Basic Facts, Safety and Security Clarifications

A1.1 Background of LNG

A1.2 LNG supply chain

A1.3 LNG regasification terminals

A1.4 Seismic design requirements

A1.5 LNG’s safety records

A1.6 LNG carriers

A1.7 LNG spills

A1.8 Security for LNG facilities and ships

A1.9 Risk of terrorism adds new dimension to LNG safety risk

References

Appendix 2. Modeling the Phase Behavior of LNG Systems with Equations of State

A2.1 Introduction

A2.2 Thermodynamics and topography of the phase behavior of LNG systems

A2.3 Numerical procedures for calculating the multiphase equilibrium

A2.4 Calculation of critical points at constant composition

A2.5 Calculation of K- and LCST-points at constant temperature

A2.6 Calculation of phase envelopes

A2.7 Thermodynamic models

A2.8 Examples of application

References

Appendix 3. LNG Plant Relief and Flare Systems Design Guideline

A3.1 Introduction

A3.2 Flare and relief design considerations

A3.3 Relief scenarios

A3.4 Plant failure causes

A3.5 Equipment or operation failure

A3.6 Operator intervention

A3.7 Operation relieves

A3.8 Design pressure

A3.9 Design temperature

A3.10 Other design considerations

Index