Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas
1st Edition
Description
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a commercially attractive phase of the commodity that facilitates the efficient handling and transportation of natural gas around the world. The LNG industry, using technologies proven over decades of development, continues to expand its markets, diversify its supply chains and increase its share of the global natural gas trade. The Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas is a timely book as the industry is currently developing new large sources of supply and the technologies have evolved in recent years to enable offshore infrastructure to develop and handle resources in more remote and harsher environments. It is the only book of its kind, covering the many aspects of the LNG supply chain from liquefaction to regasification by addressing the LNG industries’ fundamentals and markets, as well as detailed engineering and design principles. A unique, well-documented, and forward-thinking work, this reference book provides an ideal platform for scientists, engineers, and other professionals involved in the LNG industry to gain a better understanding of the key basic and advanced topics relevant to LNG projects in operation and/or in planning and development.
Key Features
- Highlights the developments in the natural gas liquefaction industries and the challenges in meeting environmental regulations
- Provides guidelines in utilizing the full potential of LNG assets
- Offers advices on LNG plant design and operation based on proven practices and design experience
- Emphasizes technology selection and innovation with focus on a “fit-for-purpose” design
- Updates code and regulation, safety, and security requirements for LNG applications
Readership
Professional LNG process engineers and technologists, LNG plant designers and operators, scientists and researchers working in the LNG industry
Table of Contents
Dedication
Authors’ Biographical Sketches
Contributors
Preface
Endorsements
Chapter 1. LNG Fundamentals
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Monetizing stranded gas
1.3 LNG characteristics
1.4 Traditional LNG supply chain
1.5 Offshore LNG supply chain
1.6 LNG environmental aspects
1.7 Costs and economic implications of LNG facilities
1.8 LNG contracts and project development
1.9 LNG trade
References
Chapter 2. Gas Conditioning and NGL Recovery Technologies
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 LNG production plants
References
Chapter 3. Natural Gas Liquefaction
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Natural gas liquefaction technology
3.3 Offshore natural gas liquefaction
References
Chapter 4. Energy and Exergy Analyses of Natural Gas Liquefaction Cycles
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Refrigeration/liquefaction cycle principles
4.3 Refrigerant selections
4.4 Fundamentals of energy and exergy analysis
4.5 Energy and exergy analyses of natural gas liquefaction cycles
References
Chapter 5. Natural Gas Liquefaction Cycle Enhancements and Optimization
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Natural gas liquefaction cycle enhancement types
5.3 Energy consumption enhancement options by recovering process losses and waste heat
5.4 Brief introduction to optimization
5.5 Liquefaction cycle optimization
5.6 Driver cycle optimization
5.7 Mobile LNG plants optimal design challenges
References
Chapter 6. Process Control and Automation of LNG Plants and Import Terminals
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Objectives of LNG plant automation
6.3 LNG plant process control/automation development and functionalities
6.4 Process control of key units in LNG plants
6.5 Advanced process control and optimization of LNG plants
6.6 Process control and automation in LNG import terminals
6.7 Case study 1: advanced process control for APCI C3MR LNG process
References
Chapter 7. LNG Plant and Regasification Terminal Operations
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 LNG plant normal operation
7.3 General startup sequence
7.4 LNG plant startup
7.5 LNG plant shutdown
7.6 Performance and acceptance test
7.7 LNG regasification terminal normal operation
7.8 LNG regasification terminal startup
7.9 LNG regasification terminal shutdown
References
Chapter 8. Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of LNG Plants and Import Terminals
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Life cycle dynamic simulation of LNG plants and import terminals
8.3 Dynamic modeling of LNG plants
8.4 Applications of dynamic simulation in LNG
8.5 Dynamic simulation of LNG import terminals
References
Chapter 9. LNG Safety and Security Aspects
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Hazards associated with LNG plants
9.3 Safety features of LNG facilities
9.4 LNG risk analysis and controls
9.5 LNG security
References
Chapter 10. Advances and Innovations in LNG Industry
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Innovations in LNG liquefaction
10.3 LNG regasification
References
Chapter 11. LNG Project Management
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Project management sequence
11.3 Success of engineering and design
11.4 Sponsor–contractor relationships
11.5 Defining business and project objectives
11.6 The project charter
11.7 Project risk assessments and risk management plans
11.8 Pre-FEED or conceptual risks
11.9 Key project management considerations for LNG projects
11.10 Scenario-based risk assessment
11.11 Technical and extreme risks (engineering and design)
11.12 Hazards and operability (HAZOP) studies
11.13 Project execution risks
11.14 Additional specific precommissioning risk assessments
11.15 Focusing planning stages on constructability
11.16 Developing a project constructability program
11.17 Project cost, schedule estimating, and modeling
11.18 Quality assurance, control, and inspection
11.19 Technology verification and risk-based verification
11.20 Engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contracts
11.21 EPC contractor selection and design competitions
11.22 Project management case study: Peru LNG
11.23 Ensuring continuity from project construction to plant operations
11.24 Integrated approaches to achieve high standards of performance
11.25 Conclusions
References
Appendix 1. An LNG Primer: Basic Facts, Safety and Security Clarifications
A1.1 Background of LNG
A1.2 LNG supply chain
A1.3 LNG regasification terminals
A1.4 Seismic design requirements
A1.5 LNG’s safety records
A1.6 LNG carriers
A1.7 LNG spills
A1.8 Security for LNG facilities and ships
A1.9 Risk of terrorism adds new dimension to LNG safety risk
References
Appendix 2. Modeling the Phase Behavior of LNG Systems with Equations of State
A2.1 Introduction
A2.2 Thermodynamics and topography of the phase behavior of LNG systems
A2.3 Numerical procedures for calculating the multiphase equilibrium
A2.4 Calculation of critical points at constant composition
A2.5 Calculation of K- and LCST-points at constant temperature
A2.6 Calculation of phase envelopes
A2.7 Thermodynamic models
A2.8 Examples of application
References
Appendix 3. LNG Plant Relief and Flare Systems Design Guideline
A3.1 Introduction
A3.2 Flare and relief design considerations
A3.3 Relief scenarios
A3.4 Plant failure causes
A3.5 Equipment or operation failure
A3.6 Operator intervention
A3.7 Operation relieves
A3.8 Design pressure
A3.9 Design temperature
A3.10 Other design considerations
Index
Details
- No. of pages:
- 624
- Language:
- English
- Copyright:
- © Gulf Professional Publishing 2014
- Published:
- 24th October 2013
- Imprint:
- Gulf Professional Publishing
- eBook ISBN:
- 9780124046450
- Hardcover ISBN:
- 9780124045859
- Paperback ISBN:
- 9780128099964
About the Author
Saeid Mokhatab
Saeid Mokhatab is one of the most recognizable names in the natural gas community through his contributions to advancing the technologies in the natural gas processing industry. He has been actively involved in different aspects of several large-scale gas processing projects, from conceptual design through plant startup and operations support. He has presented on gas processing technologies worldwide and has published 300 technical papers and two renowned Elsevier’s handbooks in collaboration with leading experts from the largest international engineering companies and prominent process licensors. His numerous publications, which are widely read and highly respected, have set the technical standards in the natural gas processing industry and are considered by many as major references to be used for any gas processing/LNG project in development. He founded the world’s first peer-reviewed journal devoted to natural gas science and engineering (published by Elsevier, the United States) and has held editorial positions for many scientific journals/book publishing companies in the hydrocarbon processing industry. He has also served as a member of technical committees for several professional societies and acclaimed gas processing conferences worldwide. As a result of his outstanding work in the natural gas industry, he has received a number of international awards and medals, and his biography has been listed in highly prestigious directories.
Affiliations and Expertise
Gas Processing Consultant, Canada
John Mak
John Y. Mak is a Senior Fellow and Technical Director at Fluor, the United States, and leads the technology and design development for Fluor chemical and energy division. He is the technical expert and SME with Fluor for over 40 years and has been leading major oil and gas, petrochemical and refinery projects from conceptual designs, feasibility studies, FEED development, detailed engineering, to plant start-up and performance testing. John has made contributions to innovations in natural gas treating and processing, NGL recovery, LNG liquefaction and regasification, synthesis gas purification, and carbon capture methods. John is the co-author of the Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas, first edition (2013) published by Elsevier, the United States. He has published over 80 technical papers and has frequently presented his findings at technical conferences such as GPA Midstream Convention, GPA Europe, Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, LNG Summit, Offshore Technology Conference, GASTECH, and China Coal Forum. John is the inventor of over 90 patents and patent pending processes. John is specializing in more complex NGL recovery designs for conventional and unconventional gases, treating high CO2 content gases using physical solvents, acid gas removal with amines, cryogenic nitrogen rejection and helium recovery.
Affiliations and Expertise
Senior Fellow and Technical Director, Fluor, USA
Jaleel Valappil
Jaleel V. Valappil is a senior engineering specialist with Bechtel Oil, Gas & Chemicals in Houston, TX, USA. He has several years of experience in process simulation, advanced process control and optimization of various processes including LNG. Before joining Bechtel, he was a senior consulting engineer with the Advanced Control Services Group of Aspen Technology Inc., where he was responsible for developing and implementing advanced control and optimization solutions for a variety of processes. He has worked extensively on developing and deploying process simulation models for applications in design, engineering, and operations of LNG plant built by Bechtel in collaboration with Conoco Phillips over the years. He identified the benefits of lifecycle modeling for LNG plants and its use for plant design, operability/controllability studies, startup simulations and Operator Training Simulators, multi-train LNG facility debottlenecking and operational troubleshooting. Dr. Valappil has also developed and deployed Advanced Process Control technology for LNG processes, for plants in engineering stage and plants that are already operating. He has published several papers on LNG plant simulation and control in both industry conferences and journals and holds patents related to LNG plant control and turbo-machinery operation.
Affiliations and Expertise
Jaleel V. Valappil is a senior engineering specialist with Bechtel Oil, Gas & Chemicals in Houston, TX, USA
David Wood
Dr. David Wood is currently an independent international consultant, researcher, training provider and expert witness with DWA Energy Limited. He has more than thirty-five years of international oil and gas experience spanning technical and commercial exploration and production operations, midstream and downstream project, risk and fiscal analysis, optimization, contract evaluation and senior corporate management. His early energy industry experience includes Phillips Petroleum, Amoco (Africa, Europe and UK), Lundin Oil (South America, Africa, Middle and Far East) and several smaller international companies. David earned a Ph.D. from Imperial College and worked as a post-doctoral research fellow in the Institute de Physique du Globe (France) and Birmingham University (U.K.).
Affiliations and Expertise
Owner/Consultant, DWA Energy Limited, UK
Reviews
"This book is a great primer on all aspects of the LNG Industry. It contains the key information we all search for in a single location and it does an excellent job of highlighting the key considerations that must be taken into account for any LNG project in development." --Tom Phalen, Vice President of Upstream Project Operations, Fluor, USA
"As well as covering some topics rarely discussed and hard to find in the literature, the complex elements of the LNG industry are fully addressed in a straightforward fashion that makes the book appealing to all parties who are involved in the global LNG business." --Philip Hunter, Senior LNG Consultant, Bechtel, UK
"This is the first book which has filled all the gaps in the treatment of complete LNG supply chain from conceptual to commissioning and beyond. I will highly recommend it as a textbook for any Natural Gas graduate degree program anywhere." --Dr. Suresh C. Sharma, Professor and Director of Natural Gas Engineering and Management, University of Oklahoma, USA
"This comprehensive handbook provides practical guidance for all professionals in the LNG industry while maintaining as much rigor as possible. I believe academic institutions that have courses in natural gas engineering should consider this handbook as a textbook." --Dr. Kenneth R. Hall, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, USA
"This book will be a welcome addition to libraries for anyone in the LNG Business from commercial, technical or operational. Even a brief review of the Table of Contents leaves one with a WOW and wondering where to start as it covers all the areas that one would want to either review or dive into something new. I highly recommend this valuable resource." --David Messersmith, Bechtel Fellow and Manager of LNG Technology Group, Bechtel OG&C, USA
"This well-balanced handbook is the only book of its kind, covering all aspects of the LNG supply chain in more detail. I highly recommend it as an excellent reference for all professionals, engineers, and scientists working in the LNG industry, and as a textbook for graduate students in the gas engineering curriculum." --Dr. Brian F. Towler, Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and CEAS Fellow for Hydrocarbon Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, USA
"This book is an important contribution to the professional literature in the crucial area of the emerging energy scene, offering a complete coverage of key topics in the LNG supply chain. The complete, accurate, and easy-to-use description of issues is also extended to cross-cut controversial topics such as LNG safety. The book provides an excellent access to a number of design guidelines and operating procedures, which makes it a standalone reference for LNG industry professionals and a state-of-theart textbook for graduate programs on the subject." --Dr. Valerio Cozzani, Professor of Chemical Engineering and Director of Post-Graduate Program on Oil & Gas Process Design, University of Bologna, Italy
"It is the first book on LNG supply chain management and gives an accurate picture of where the LNG industry stands today. This high-quality, comprehensive book provides a better understanding of LNG plant design and operational considerations and covers subject areas missed by other references in these areas. I believe it is a valuable addition to the literature and will serve as a desk reference for practicing engineers and technologists, and as an excellent source of teaching and learning in undergraduate and graduate programs on the subject area." --Dr. Faisal Khan, Professor and Vale Research Chair of Safety and Risk Engineering Memorial University, Canada
"Given the fact that LNG is the fastest growing energy carrier in the world and the trend is toward a wider range of applications for LNG technologies, a handbook like this one covering the entire LNG supply chain with issues of design, operation, and safety will be highly appreciated by plant designers, engineers, and operators in the LNG industry. Of course, parts of the book also provide excellent textbook or reference material for graduate courses in the gas processing field." --Dr. Truls Gundersen, Professor of Energy and Process Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
"The reference for liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant designers, engineers, and operators, and project developers and managers covers the complete LNG supply chain from liquefaction to regasification. It also summarizes the industry's fundamentals, engineering, and design principles, so can be used as a textbook for students in petroleum and chemical engineering curricula." --ProtoView.com, 2014