Guide to Biochemistry
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Guide to Biochemistry provides a comprehensive account of the essential aspects of biochemistry. This book discusses a variety of topics, including biological molecules, enzymes, amino acids, nucleic acids, and eukaryotic cellular organizations. Organized into 19 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the construction of macromolecules from building-block molecules. This text then discusses the strengths of some weak acids and bases and explains the interaction of acids and bases involving the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base. Other chapters consider the effectiveness of enzymes, which can be appreciated through the comparison of spontaneous chemical reactions and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. This book discusses as well structure and function of lipids. The final chapter deals with the importance and applications of gene cloning in the fundamental biological research, which lies in the preparation of DNA fragments containing a specific gene. This book is a valuable resource for biochemists and students.
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Biological Molecules
1.1 Cell Theory
1.2 The Role of Carbon
1.3 Stereochemistry
1.4 The Nature of Macromolecules
1.5 Hybrid Molecules
1.6 The Functions of Macromolecules
1.7 Other Functions of Monomeric Units
2 The Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems
2.1 Ionization and Macromolecules
2.2 Hydrogen Bonding in Water
2.3 Ionization of Water
2.4 pH Scale
2.5 Theories of Acids and Bases
2.6 The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
2.7 The Interaction of Aqueous Solutions of Monoprotic Acids and Bases
2.8 The Interaction of Polyprotic Weak Acids and Strong Bases
2.9 Buffer Systems
2.10 Summary of Useful Equations in pH Calculations
2.11 Example Calculations
3 Carbohydrates
3.1 The Definition of Carbohydrate
3.2 The Monosaccharides
3.3 The Ring Structures of Monosaccharides
3.4 Derivatives of Monosaccharides
3.5 Oligosaccharides
3.6 Polysaccharides: Homoglycans
3.7 Polysaccharides: Heteroglycans
4 Amino Acids and Proteins
4.1 The Classification of Amino Acids
4.2 Ionic Properties of Amino Acids
4.3 The Major Bonds between Amino Acids in Polypeptide Chains
4.4 The Primary Structure of Proteins
4.5 The Secondary Structure of Proteins
4.6 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins
4.7 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins
5 Enzymes
5.1 Comparison of Chemical and Enzymic Reactions
5.2 Enzyme Architecture
5.3 Enzyme Classification
5.4 Enzyme Catalysis
6 Enzyme Kinetics
6.1 Factors Influencing the Rate of an Enzyme-Catalysed Reaction
6.2 Steady-State Enzyme Kinetics
6.3 Enzyme Inhibition
6.4 Allostery
6.5 Isoenzymes
7 Nucleic Acids
7.1 The Structure of Nucleotides
7.2 Polynucleotide Chains
7.3 The Structure of DNA
7.4 The Structure of RNA
7.5 Some Properties of Nucleic Acids
8 Lipids
8.1 The Classes of Lipids
8.2 Fatty Acids
8.3 Waxes
8.4 Acylglycerols
8.5 Phosphoacylglycerols
8.6 Plasmalogens
8.7 Sphingolipids
8.8 Eicosanoids
8.9 Terpenes
8.10 Steroids
8.11 Circulatory Lipid Complexes
9 Eukaryotic Cellular Organization
9.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
9.2 The Plasma Membrane: Structure
9.3 The Plasma Membrane: Transport Mechanisms
9.4 Nuclear Structures
9.5 Electron-Transporting Organelles
9.6 Organelles Associated with Protein Synthesis
9.7 Lysosomes and Microbodies
9.8 The Cytoskeleton
10 Principles of Cellular Metabolism
10.1 Biological Energetics
10.2 Equilibrium Thermodynamics
10.3 Coupled Reactions
10.4 The Role of ATP
10.5 Metabolic Pathways
10.6 Intracellular Control of Metabolism
10.7 Extracellular Control of Metabolism
11 Carbohydrate Metabolism
11.1 The Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism
11.2 The Reactions of Glycolysis
11.3 NAD+ and Glycolysis
11.4 The Role of Glycogen
11.5 Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
11.6 The Role of Gluconeogenesis
11.7 The Reactions of Gluconeogenesis
11.8 The Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
11.9 The Reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
11.10 The Energetics of Carbohydrate Metabolism
11.11 The Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism
12 The Tricarboxylate Cycle
12.1 Role in Metabolism
12.2 Entry of Pyruvate into the Mitochondrion
12.3 The Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate
12.4 The Reactions of the Tricarboxylate Cycle
12.5 The Energetics of the Cycle
12.6 Anaplerosis
12.7 The Regulation of the Cycle
12.8 The Glyoxylate Cycle
13 Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation
13.1 The Role of Oxidative Phosphorylation
13.2 The Structure of Electron-Transport Assemblies
13.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
13.4 The Sequence of Electron-Transport Carriers
13.5 The Synthesis of ATP
13.6 Mechanisms of Coupling Electron Transport to ATP Synthesis
13.7 Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation
14 Photosynthesis
14.1 The Role of Photosynthesis
14.2 The Thylakoid Photosystems
14.3 The Light Reactions: Electronic Excitation
14.4 The Light Reactions: Electron Transport
14.5 The Dark Reactions: The Calvin Cycle
14.6 The Dark Reactions: Carbohydrate Synthesis
15 The Metabolism of Lipids
15.1 Fatty Acids as Energy Sources
15.2 The β-Oxidation Pathway
15.3 Ketone Body Metabolism
15.4 The Synthesis of Fatty Acids
15.5 The Synthesis of Triacylglycerols
15.6 The Synthesis of Eicosanoids
15.7 The Synthesis of Cholesterol
15.8 The Metabolism of Steroid Hormones
16 Nitrogen Metabolism
16.1 The Biosynthesis of Amino Acids in Plants and Microorganisms
16.2 The Biosynthesis of Amino Acids in Mammals and Humans
16.3 The Degradation of Amino Acids
16.4 The Disposal of Amino Nitrogen in the Animal Kingdom
16.5 The Urea Cycle
16.6 The Biosynthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
16.7 The Hybridoma Technique
16.8 The Degradation of Heterocyclic Compounds
17 Gene Expression
17.1 The Central Dogma
17.2 Transcription: Initiation and Elongation
17.3 Transcription: Termination
17.4 Translation: The Role of Amino-Acid-TRNA Ligases
17.5 Translation: The Genetic Code
17.6 Translation: The Mechanism of Protein Biosynthesis
17.7 Mutation
17.8 Control of Gene Expression
18 The Replication of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
18.1 Semiconservative Replication
18.2 An Overview of DNA Replication
18.3 The Enzymology of DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
18.4 DNA Repair
19 Gene Cloning
19.1 Applications of Gene Cloning
19.2 Outline of Gene Cloning Methodology
19.3 Vectors Employed in E. Coli
19.4 Restriction Endonucleases
19.5 The Transport of Recombinant DNA Molecules into a Host Bacterium
19.6 Selection of Recombinant DNA
19.7 DNA-Sequencing Techniques
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 268
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Butterworth-Heinemann 1989
- Published: March 16, 1989
- Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
- eBook ISBN: 9781483183671