Goodman and Snyder’s Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists

Screening for Referral

7th Edition - June 25, 2022
Editors: John Heick, Rolando T. Lazaro
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 2 2 0 4 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 3 6 9 - 1

Learn how to screen for systemic and medical conditions, and when to make a physician referral! Goodman and Snyder’s Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists, 7th Editi… Read more

Goodman and Snyder’s Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists

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Learn how to screen for systemic and medical conditions, and when to make a physician referral! Goodman and Snyder’s Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists, 7th Edition helps you identify the signs and symptoms of systemic disease that can mimic neuromusculoskeletal conditions. A step-by-step approach includes the screening tools you need to make an accurate differential diagnosis, describing both red flags and yellow flags as well as risk factors. This edition includes a new Screening for Neurologic Conditions chapter. From an expert team of contributors led by PT educators John Heick and Rolando Lazaro, this guide makes it easier to determine whether to treat or to refer!

Instructions for Online Access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Inside Front Cover
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
A Note from Catherine Goodman
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I: Introduction to the Screening Process
Chapter 1. Introduction to Screening for Referral in Physical Therapy
The Use of Yellow or Red Flags
Evidence-Based Practice
Statistics
Key Factors to Consider
Reasons to Screen
Medical Screening Versus Screening for Referral
Diagnosis by the Physical Therapist
Differential Diagnosis Versus Screening
Direct Access and Self-Referral
Decision-Making Process
Case Examples and Case Studies
Physician Referral
Red Flag
References
Screening Tools Appendix
Chapter 2. Interviewing as a Screening Tool
Concepts in Communication
Interviewing Skills
Cultural Competence
The Screening Interview
Client History and Interview
Core Interview
Hospital Inpatient Information
Physician Referral
References
Chapter 3. Pain Types and Viscerogenic Pain Patterns
Mechanisms of Referred Visceral Pain
Assessment of Pain and Symptoms
Sources of Pain
Types of Pain
Comparison of Systemic Versus Musculoskeletal Pain Patterns
Characteristics of Viscerogenic Pain
Screening for Emotional and Psychologic Overlay
Screening for Systemic Versus Psychogenic Symptoms
Physician Referral
Client History and Interview
References
Chapter 4. Physical Assessment as a Screening Tool
General Survey
Techniques of Physical Examination
Integumentary Screening Examination
Musculoskeletal Screening Examination
Regional Screening Examination
Systems review … or … review of systems?
Physician Referral
Referral for Imaging
References
Chapter 5. Screening for Neurologic Conditions
References
Section II: Viscerogenic Causes of Neuromusculoskeletal Pain and Dysfunction
Chapter 6. Screening for Hematologic Disease
Signs and Symptoms of Hematologic Disorders
Classification of Blood Disorders
Physician Referral
Client History and Interview
References
Chapter 7. Screening for Cardiovascular Disease
Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiac Pathophysiology
Cardiovascular Disorders
Laboratory Values
Screening for the Effects of Cardiovascular Medications
Physician Referral
Noncardiac Chest Pain Patterns
Client History and Interview
References
Chapter 8. Screening for Pulmonary Disease
Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disorders
Inflammatory/Infectious Disease
Genetic Disease of the Lung
Occupational Lung Diseases
Pleuropulmonary Disorders
Physician Referral
Client History and Interview
References
Chapter 9. Screening for Gastrointestinal Disease
Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Disorders
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Physician Referral
Client History and Interview
References
Chapter 10. Screening for Hepatic and Biliary Disease
Hepatic and Biliary Signs and Symptoms
Hepatic and Biliary Pathophysiology
Gallbladder and Duct Diseases
Physician Referral
Key Points to Remember
Client History and Interview
Case Study
Practice Questions
References
Chapter 11. Screening for Urogenital Disease
The Urinary Tract
Introduction to Screening for Urogenital Disease
Signs and Symptoms of Renal and Urologic Disorders
Renal and Urinary Tract Problems
Physician Referral
■ Key Points to Remember
Client History and Interview
Case Study
References
Chapter 12. Screening for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease
EndocrinE-Associated Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms
Introduction to Metabolism
Client History and Interview
References
Chapter 13. Screening for Immunologic DiseaseErin Green and William Garcia
Using the Screening Model
Past Medical History
Risk Factor Assessment
Clinical Presentation
Associated Signs and Symptoms
Review of Systems
Immune System Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnosis
Physician Referral
■ Key Points to Remember
Client History and Interview
Case Study
References
Chapter 14. Screening for Cancer
Cancer Statistics
Risk Factor Assessment
Cancer Prevention
Major Types of Cancer
Resources
Metastases
Clinical Manifestations of Malignancy
Oncologic Pain
Side Effects of Cancer Treatment
Cancers of the Musculoskeletal System
Primary Central Nervous System Tumors
Cancers of the Blood and Lymph System
Physician Referral
■ Key Points to Remember
Client History and Interview
Case Study
Practice Questions
References
Section III: Systemic Origins of Neuromusculoskeletal Pain and Dysfunction
Chapter 15. Screening the Head, Neck, and Back
Using the Screening Model to Evaluate the Head, Neck, or Back
Location of Pain and Symptoms
Sources of Pain and Symptoms
Screening for Oncologic Causes of Back Pain
Screening for Cardiac Causes of Neck and Back Pain
Screening for Peripheral Vascular Causes of Back Pain
Screening for Pulmonary Causes of Neck and Back Pain
Screening for Renal and Urologic Causes of Back Pain
Screening for Gastrointestinal Causes of Back Pain
Screening for Liver and Biliary Causes of Back Pain
Screening for Gynecologic Causes of Back Pain
Screening for Male Reproductive Causes of Back Pain
Screening for Infectious Causes of Back Pain
Physician Referral
Client History and Interview
References
Chapter 16. Screening the Sacrum, Sacroiliac, and Pelvis
The Sacrum and Sacroiliac Joint
The Coccyx
The Pelvis
Physician Referral
■ Key Points to Remember
Sacrum/Sacroiliac Joint
Pelvis
Client History and Interview
Practice Questions
Case Study
References
Chapter 17. Screening the Lower Quadrant: Buttock, Hip, Groin, Thigh, and Leg
Using the Screening Model to Evaluate the Lower Quadrant
Trauma as a Cause of Hip, Groin, or Lower Quadrant Pain
Screening for Systemic Causes of Sciatica
Screening for Oncologic Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
Screening for Urologic Causes of Buttock, Hip, Groin, or Thigh Pain
Screening for Reproductive Causes of Groin Pain
Screening for Infectious and Inflammatory Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
Screening for Gastrointestinal Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
Screening for Vascular Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
Screening for Other Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
Physician Referral
■ Key Points to Remember
Client History and Interview
Case Study
Practice Questions
References
Chapter 18. Screening the Chest, Breasts, and Ribs
Using the Screening Model to Evaluate the Chest, Breasts, or RIBS
Screening for Oncologic Causes of Chest or RIB Pain
Screening for Cardiovascular Causes of Chest, Breast, or RIB Pain
Screening for Pleuropulmonary Causes of Chest, Breast, or RIB Pain
Screening for Gastrointestinal Causes of Chest, Breast, or RIB Pain
Screening for Breast Conditions that Cause Chest or Breast Pain
Screening for other Conditions as a Cause of Chest, Breast, or RIB Pain
Screening for Musculoskeletal Causes of Chest, Breast, or RIB Pain
Screening for Neuromuscular or Neurologic Causes of Chest, Breast, or Rib Pain
Physician Referral
■ Key Points to Remember
Client History and Interview
Case Study
Practice Questions
References
Chapter 19. Screening the Shoulder and Upper Extremity
Using the Screening Model to Evaluate Shoulder and Upper Extremity
Screening for Pulmonary Causes of Shoulder Pain
Screening for Cardiovascular Causes of Shoulder Pain
Screening for Renal Causes of Upper Quadrant/Shoulder Pain
Screening for Gastrointestinal Causes of Shoulder Pain
Screening for Liver and Biliary Causes of Shoulder/Upper Quadrant Symptoms
Screening for Rheumatic Causes of Shoulder Pain
Screening for Infectious Causes of Shoulder Pain
Screening for Oncologic Causes of Shoulder Pain
Screening for Gynecologic Causes of Shoulder Pain
Physician Referral
■ Key Points to Remember
Client History and Interview
Case Study
Practice Questions
References
Appendix A-1 Quick Screen Checklist
Follow-Up Questions
Past Medical History
Risk Factors (Partial List)
Clinical Presentation
Associated Signs and Symptoms
Other Tests and Measures
Final Step: Perform a Review of Systems
Appendix A-2 Red Flags
Past Medical History (Personal or Family)
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Pain Pattern
Neurologic Signs and Symptoms
Associated Signs and Symptoms
Follow-Up Questions
Appendix A-3 Systemic Causes of Joint Pain
Appendix A-4 The Referral Process
Follow-Up Questions
Follow-Up Questions
Follow-Up Questions
Follow-Up Questions
Follow-Up Questions
Appendix B-1 Screening for Alcohol Abuse: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) Questionnaire
AUDIT Questionnaire
Key
Appendix B-2 Screening for Alcohol Abuse: CAGE Questionnaire
Alcohol-Related Screening Questions
Appendix B-3 Assault, Intimate Partner Abuse, or Domestic Violence
Follow-up Questions (APTA, 2005)
References
Appendix B-4 Screening Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Appendix B-5 Screening Bladder Function
Changes in Bladder Function
For Women
For Men (see also Appendix: Special Questions Prostate)
For Stress Incontinence
For Overactive Bladder (Urge Incontinence)
For Functional Incontinence
Appendix B-6 Screening Bowel Function
Appendix B-7 Screening the Breast
Appendix B-8 Special Questions to Ask: Chest/Thorax
Musculoskeletal
Neurologic
Pulmonary
Cardiac
Epigastric
Appendix B-9 Screening for Depression/Anxiety (See also Appendix B-10, Screening for Depression in Older Adults)
Appendix B-10 Screening for Depression in Older Adults
Geriatric Depression Scale (Short Form)
Appendix B-11 Screening for Dizziness
For the Therapist
Appendix B-12 Screening for Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath [SOB]; Dyspnea on Exertion [DOE])
For the Therapist
Appendix B-13A Screening for Eating Disorders
Appendix B-13B Resources for Screening for Eating Disorders
Appendix B-14 Screening Environmental and Work History
When to Survey
Quick Survey
Follow-up
Appendix B-15 Screening for Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS)
Appendix B-16 Screening Questions for Gastrointestinal (GI) Problems
Appendix B-17 Screening Headaches
History
Site
Onset
Frequency
Intensity
Duration
Description
Pattern
Aggravating Factors
Relieving Factors
Associated Symptoms
For the Therapist
Appendix B-18 Screening Joint Pain (see also Appendix A-3: Systemic Causes of Joint Pain)
For the Client With Sudden Onset of Joint Pain
To the Therapist
Quick Occupational/Work Survey
Appendix B-19 Screening Questions for Kidney and Urinary Tract Impairment
Observations
Appendix B-20 Screening for Liver (Hepatic) Impairment
To the Therapist
Appendix B-21 Screening Questions Regarding Soft Tissue Lumps or Skin Lesions
Appendix B-22 Screening Lymph Nodes
Appendix B-23 Screening for Medications
Follow-Up Questions
Appendix B-24 Screening for Men Experiencing Back, Hip, Pelvic, Groin, or Sacroiliac Pain
To the Therapist
Appendix B-25 Screening Night Pain
Appendix B-26 Screening for Side Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Ask About the Presence of Gastrointestinal Signs and Symptoms
Timing of Symptoms
Visual Inspection
Appendix B-27 Screening for Unusual Odors
If you Suspect Urinary Incontinence
If you Suspect Fecal Incontinence
If you Detect Breath Odor
Appendix B-28 Screening Pain
Location of Pain
Description of Pain
Frequency and Duration of Pain
Pattern of Pain
Aggravating and Relieving Factors
Associated Symptoms
Are you Having any Pain Anywhere Else in Your Body?
Anxiety/Depression
Joint Pain
Night Pain
Psychogenic Source of Symptoms
Appendix B-29 Screening for Palpitations (Chest or Heart)
To the Therapist
Appendix B-30 Screening for Prostate Problems
Prostatitis
Enlarged Prostate
Appendix B-31 Screening for Psychogenic Source of Symptoms
For the Therapist
Appendix B-32A Taking a Sexual History
Appendix B-32B Taking a Sexual History
For Women with Low Back, Pelvic, or Sacral Pain of Unknown Cause
For Men with Sciatica, Pelvic, Sacral, or Low Back Pain
To the Therapist
Appendix B-33 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases as a Risk Factor for Other Diseases
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Special Questions to Ask
For the Client with Sudden Onset of Joint Pain (Reiter’s syndrome; see also Appendix: B-18 Special Questions to Ask: Joint Pain)
Physician Referral
Appendix B-34 Special Questions to Ask: Shoulder and Upper Extremity
General Systemic
Cardiac
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal
Gynecologic
Urologic
Trauma
Appendix B-35 Screening Sleep Patterns
For Those Reporting Pain at Night
Appendix B-36 Screening for Substance Use/Abuse
Appendix B-37 Women Experiencing Back, Hip, Pelvic, Groin, Sacroiliac (SI), or Sacral Pain
Past Medical History
Menstrual History
For the Young Female Adolescent/Athlete
Reproductive History
Appendix C-1 Family/Personal History
Appendix C-2 Outpatient Physical/Occupational Therapy Intake
Appendix C-3 Patient Entry Questionnaire
Appendix C-4A OSPRO-YF Assessment Tool
Appendix C-4B Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome Red Flag Symptom Item Bank
Appendix C-5A Wells’ Clinical Decision Rule for DVT
Key
Appendix C-5B Simplified Wells’ Criteria for the Clinical Assessment of Pulmonary Embolism
Appendix C-5C Possible Predictors of Upper Extremity DVT
Appendix C-6 Osteoporosis Screening Evaluation
Appendix C-7 Pain Assessment Record Form
Appendix C-8 Risk Factor Assessmentfor Skin Cancer
Appendix C-9 Examining a Skin Lesion or Mass
Appendix D-1 Guide to Physical Assessment in a Screening Examination
Appendix D-2 Extremity ExaminationChecklist
Appendix D-3 Hand and Nail Bed Assessment
Observe the Hands for:
Observe the Fingers and Toenails for:
Appendix D-4 Peripheral VascularAssessment
Inspection
Palpation
Arterial Insufficiency of Extremities
Venous Insufficiency of Extremities
Special (Quick Screening) Tests
Answers to Practice Questions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Index
Inside Back Cover