Forensic Toxicology

Principles and Concepts

2nd Edition - October 22, 2021
Authors: Nicholas T. Lappas, Courtney M. Lappas
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 8 6 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 8 7 - 0

The second edition of Forensic Toxicology: Principles and Concepts takes the reader back to the origins of forensic toxicology providing an overview of the largely unchan… Read more

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The second edition of Forensic Toxicology: Principles and Concepts takes the reader back to the origins of forensic toxicology providing an overview of the largely unchanging principles of the discipline. The text focuses on the major tenets in forensic toxicology, including an introduction to the discipline, principles of forensic toxicology including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug interactions and toxicogenomics, fundamentals of forensic toxicology analysis, types of interpretations based on analytical forensic toxicology results, and reporting from the laboratory to the courtroom. Also included in the second edition is a Unit focused on the forensic toxicology of individual drugs of abuse.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Section 1. Principles of Toxicology
Chapter 1. Principles of Pharmacokinetics
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Acid Base Chemistry
1.3. Transmembrane Movement
1.4. Absorption
1.5. Distribution
1.6. Metabolism
1.7. Excretion
1.8. Conclusion
Chapter 2. Principles of Pharmacodynamics
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Drug Effects
2.3. Specific and Nonspecific drugs
2.4. Target Molecules
2.5. Receptor Theories
2.6. Transduction Systems
Chapter 3. Drug Interactions
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Opioids
3.3. Cannabinoids
3.4. Ethanol
3.5. Conclusion
Chapter 4. Toxicogenomics
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Transport Proteins
4.3. Metabolic Enzymes
4.4. Phase I Metabolic Enzymes
4.5. Phase II Metabolic Enzymes
4.6. Molecular Autopsy
4.7. Conclusion
Review Questions
Application Questions
Section 2. Introduction to Forensic Toxicology
Chapter 5. The Development of Forensic Toxicology
5.1. Definitions
5.2. Landmarks in Forensic Toxicology
5.3. Forensic Toxicology in the United States
5.4. Forensic Toxicology Growing Pains
Chapter 6. The Duties and Responsibilities of Forensic Toxicologists
6.1. Analysis
6.2. Interpretation
6.3. Reporting
6.4. Research
6.5. Ethics
Review Questions
Application Questions
Chapter 7. Forensic Toxicology Resources
7.1. Books
7.2. Journals
7.3. Web Resources
7.4. Professional Organizations
Chapter 8. The Laboratory
8.1. Administrative Location of the Laboratory
8.2. Personnel
8.3. Laboratory Design
8.4. Laboratory Equipment
8.5. Laboratory Safety
8.6. Laboratory Security
Section 3. Analysis
Chapter 9. Analytical Strategy
9.1. Types of Analytical Strategies
9.2. The Common Strategy
9.3. Samples
9.4. Analytes
Chapter 10. Sample Handling
10.1. Sample Selection
10.2. Sample Collection
10.3. Sample Preservation
10.4. Sample Transport
10.5. Sample Acquisition
Review Questions
Application Questions
Chapter 11. Storage Stability of Analytes
11.1. Stability Studies
11.2. Storage Periods
11.3. Storage Stability of Selected Drugs
Review Questions
Application Questions
Chapter 12. Analytical Samples
12.1. Blood
12.2. Urine
12.3. Breath
12.4. Vitreous Humor
12.5. Hair
12.6. Oral Fluid
12.7. Nails
12.8. Sweat
12.9. Gastric Contents
12.10. Liver
12.11. Bile
12.12. Brain
12.13. Lung
12.14. Adipose Tissue
12.15. Bone and Bone Marrow
12.16. Skeletal Muscle
12.17. Breast Milk
12.18. Neonatal Samples
12.19. Miscellaneous Human Samples
12.20. Nonhuman Samples
Chapter 13. Sample Preparation
13.1. Decontamination
13.2. Physical Alteration
13.3. Protein Removal
13.4. Fat Removal
13.5. Hydrolysis
13.6. Extraction
13.7. Volatilization
13.8. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
13.9. Solid-Phase Extraction
13.10. Solid-Phase Microextraction
13.11. Miscellaneous Extraction Techniques
Review Questions
Application Questions
Chapter 14. Methods of Detection, Identification, and Quantitation
14.1. Criteria for the Selection of Methods
14.2. Methods of Detection, Identification, and Quantitation
14.3. Color Tests (Spot Tests)
14.4. Volatilization
14.5. Immunoassays
14.6. Chromatography
10.7. Thin-Layer Chromatography
14.8. Gas Chromatography
14.9. Liquid Chromatography
14.10. Mass Spectrometry
14.11. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
14.12. Additional Methods
Chapter 15. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Records
15.3. Methods Validation
15.4. Control Methods
15.5. Proficiency Testing
15.6. Analyst Competence
15.7. Security
15.8. Accreditation
15.9. Additional Resources
Chapter 16. Analytical Errors
16.1. Sample Preparations
16.2. Analytical Synthesis
16.3. Thermal Effects
16.4. Derivatization
Section 4. Interpretation
Chapter 17. Types of Interpretations
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Reasoning in Forensic Toxicology Interpretation
17.3. Nonanalytical Case-Related Evidence
17.4. Interpretations
17.5. Was a Person Exposed to a Specific Drug?
17.6. Was the Presence of the Detected Drug Due to Intentional or Unintentional Use?
17.7. What Was the Route of Administration?
17.8. What Was the Elapsed Time between the Last Dose and Sample Collection?
17.9. Was the Subject a Naïve or a Chronic User?
17.10. Was the Presence of an Analyte Consistent with “Old” Use or “New” Use?
17.11. Is the Presence or Concentration of an Analyte a Violation of a Statute or Regulation?
17.12. Did the Drug or Chemical Cause or Contribute to an Adverse Event?
Chapter 18. Factors That Influence the Interpretations of Analyte Concentrations
18.1. Tolerance and Addiction
18.2. Postmortem Redistribution
18.3. Age
18.4. Hysteresis
18.5. Adulterants, Diluents, and Contaminants
Section 5. Reporting
Chapter 19. Reports
19.1. Laboratory Reports
19.2. Expert Reports
Chapter 20. Testifying
20.1. Preliminaries
20.2. Qualification of the Expert Witness
20.3. Admissibility of Scientific Testimony
20.4. Expert Testimony
20.5. The Dos and Don’ts of Expert Testifying
20.5.8. Hot Tubbing
Section 6. Drugs of Abuse
Chapter 21. Ethanol
21.1. Disposition
21.2. Pharmacodynamics
21.3. Stability
21.4. Analysis
21.5. Interpretation
Chapter 22. Opioids
22.1. Opioids
22.2. Chemical Structures
22.3. Opioid Derivations
22.4. Pharmacokinetics
22.5. Pharmacodynamics
22.6. Novel Synthetic Opioids
22.7. Tolerance
22.8. Detection of Opioids in Biological Samples
22.9. Stability of Opioids
Chapter 23. Morphine
23.1. Pharmacokinetics
23.2. Pharmacodynamics
Chapter 24. Heroin
24.1. Pharmacokinetics
24.2. Pharmacodynamics
24.3. Interpretation
24.4. Factors that Influence Interpretation
Chapter 25. The Fentanyls
25.1. Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogs (fentanyls)
25.2. Pharmacokinetics
25.3. Pharmacodynamics
25.4. Analysis
25.5. Interpretation
25.6. Postmortem Redistribution
25.7. Stability
Chapter 26. Cannabinoids
26.1. Classification
26.2. Anatomy
26.3. Pharmacokinetics
26.4. Pharmacodynamics
26.5. Acute and Chronic Effects
26.6. Therapeutic Marijuana
26.7. Cause of Death
26.8. Storage and Stability
26.9. Analysis
26.10. Interpretation
26.11. Synthetic Cannabinoids
Section 7. Cases in Toxicology
Chapter 27. The Case of William Palmer
Chapter 28. The Case of Marie Besnard
Chapter 29. The Case of Claus von Bulow
Chapter 30. Physician Poisoners
30.1. The Case of Dr. Mario Jascalevich
30.2. The Case of Dr. Harold Shipman
Glossary
Index

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Nicholas T. Lappas

Courtney M. Lappas