Flow Measurement

Flow Measurement

By Square-Edged Orifice Plate Using Corner Tappings

1st Edition - January 1, 1965

Write a review

  • Author: W. J. Clark
  • eBook ISBN: 9781483149912

Purchase options

Purchase options
DRM-free (PDF)
Sales tax will be calculated at check-out

Institutional Subscription

Free Global Shipping
No minimum order

Description

Flow Measurement By Square-edged Orifice Plate Using Corner Tappings deals comprehensively with the subject of flow measurement through pipes by a square edge orifice plate using corner tappings. The object is to present in easily readable and applicable form a consideration of all the many factors involved in accurate measurement, thus enabling readers to appreciate what is involved in good flow metering practice, to design if desired their own installations to predetermined standards of accuracy, and to make reliable assessments of existing installations. The book is organized into four parts. Part 1 discusses basic principles, approved design and installation conditions, and recommended follow-up maintenance for various predetermined standards of accuracy, with special attention given to requirements concerned with the metered fluid, working conditions, orifice design, pipe layout and pipe conditions. Part 2 deals with the practical application of Part I and describes the method of using a Flowmeter Data Sheet specially designed both to ensure that the numerous factors involved in accurate flow measurements are taken into account. Part III consists of a number of representative and well-detailed specimen calculations designed to illustrate and clarify all aspects of the method of calculation advocated in Part II. In Part IV a considerable amount of relevant data on the physical properties of fluids, and many tables, graphs and alignment charts are assembled together for easy reference when making orifice calculations.

Table of Contents


  • Foreword

    Acknowledgment

    Symbols and Units Facing

    Part 1. Basis of Measurement

    Introduction

    Chapter 1. Characteristics of Flow through Square-Edged Orifice Plates

    Laminar or Stream Line Flow

    Turbulent Flow

    Relationship between Pressure-Drop and Flow Rate

    Chapter 2. Flow Measurement within Predetermined Standards of Accuracy-Factors Involved and Accuracy Obtainable

    1. Requirements for Metered Fluid

    2. Required Operating Conditions

    3. The Overall Discharge Coefficient C

    4. The Fluid Density (S0 and S8)

    5. Upstream Temperature (T8)

    6. Upstream Pressure (P8)

    7. The Pressure-Difference (h)

    8. Miscellaneous Installation Features

    9. Special Metering Problems

    10. Correction of Readings of Flow Rates and of Integrated Flows

    11. Overall Accuracy of Measurement

    12. Follow-up Maintenance for Accurate Flow Measurement

    13. Assessment and Certification of Installations

    Part 2. REcommended Procedure for Calculating Orifice Plates - Use of Flow-meter Data Sheet

    1. Use of Flow-meter Data Sheet

    2. Explanatory Details of Flow-meter Data Sheet

    2.1 Section 1 - General Data

    2.2 Section 2 - Basic Formula

    2.3 Section 3 - Units and Symbols

    2.4 Section 4 - Design Data

    2.5 Section 5 - Calculations

    2.6 Section 6 - Installation Assessment

    2.7 Section 7 - OrderData

    2.8 Section 8 - Recording Flow-meter Data

    2.9 Section 9 - Indicating Flow-meter Scale Data

    2.10 Section 10 - Maintenance Record

    Part 3. Specimen Calculations

    Example 1 - Flow-meter Required Using Indicating Meter to Measure Water from Heating Set

    Example 2 - Flow-meter Required Using Indicating Meter to Measure 'Air to Plant', Illustrating Calculation of non-square-root Scale

    Example 3 - Flow-meter Required Using Indicating Meter to Measure 'Steam from Boilers', Illustrating Use of Enlarged Pipe

    Example 4 - Flow-meter Required Using High-pressure Ring Balance Recording Meter to Measure 'Make-up Gas to Plant', Illustrating the Application of Gas Law Deviation Coefficients

    (The case of Pulsating Flow is Dealt with on Page 188)

    Example 5 - Flow-meter Required Using a Foxboro-type Indicating Meter to Measure 'Dry Hydrogen from Scrubber'

    Example 5A - Flow-meter Required Using a Foxboro-type Indicating Meter to Measure 'Wet Hydrogen from Scrubber'

    Part 4. Tabulated and Graphical Data

    The Contents of Part 4, Which Comprises Figs. 7 to 44, is Shown on Pages 97 to 99

    Appendix 1. Tolerances

    1. Meaning of the Term 'Tolerance'

    2. Tolerances for Single Measurements

    3. Details of Possible Sources of Error in Flow Measurement

    4. The Combination of Tolerances

    5. Systematic and Random Errors

    6. Application

    7. Notes on 'Standard Deviation'

    Appendix 2. Recommended Layouts of Pressure Pipes, Orifice Plates and Meters

    Appendix 3. The Effects of Pulsations on Flow Measurement by Orifice Plate

    1. Pulsation Factors Affecting Accuracy of Measurement

    2. Assessment of Limiting Conditions Such That Errors Due to Pulsation Factors Will Be Negligible or Will Not Exceed ±0.5%

    2.1 The 'Root-Mean-Square' Effect

    2.2 Inapplicability of the Laws of Steady Flow

    2.3 Asymmetrical Response to Pressure Changes in the Instrument Lines and Manometer

    3. Reduction of Severe Pulsations to an Extent Sufficient to give an R.M.S. Effect Not Exceeding 1% Using the Hodgson Method

    3.1 Method of Calculating the Hodgson Number

    3.2 Estimation of Waveform Factor WF

    4. Practical Application of Findings

    4.1 Negligible Pulsations

    4.2 Minor or Suspected Pulsations

    4.3 Suspected or Known Severe Pulsations

    5. Worked Examples

    5.1 Example 1 - Measurement of Gas Flow at 300 atm from Compressor

    5.2 Example 2 - Estimate of Error due to Pulsations for an Installation Measuring Circulating Gas after a Booster

    Appendix 4. A Slide-rule for the Rapid Calculation of Orifice Plate Dimensions

    1. Basis of Slide-rule Design

    2. Design Details

    3. Method of Use for Approximate Calculations and for Determining the General Suitability of a Given Set of Factors

    4. Method of Use for Calculations to a Class-B Standard of Accuracy

    5. Extension of Use to Venturi Tube and Nozzle Calculations

    6. Extension of Use to (D—D/2) Tapping's

    7. Extension of Use to Flange Tapping's

    8. Application and Advantages

    Appendix 5. Notes on Flow Measurement Using (D-D/2) Tapping's

    Appendix 6. Notes on Flow Measurement Using Flange Tapping's

    References

    Index

Product details

  • No. of pages: 244
  • Language: English
  • Copyright: © Pergamon 1965
  • Published: January 1, 1965
  • Imprint: Pergamon
  • eBook ISBN: 9781483149912

About the Author

W. J. Clark

Ratings and Reviews

Write a review

There are currently no reviews for "Flow Measurement"