Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook
Principles, Process Design and Equipment
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This is a well-rounded handbook of fermentation and biochemical engineering presenting techniques for the commercial production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals via fermentation. Emphasis is given to unit operations fermentation, separation, purification, and recovery. Principles, process design, and equipment are detailed. Environment aspects are covered. The practical aspects of development, design, and operation are stressed. Theory is included to provide the necessary insight for a particular operation. Problems addressed are the collection of pilot data, choice of scale-up parameters, selection of the right piece of equipment, pinpointing of likely trouble spots, and methods of troubleshooting. The text, written from a practical and operating viewpoint, will assist development, design, engineering and production personnel in the fermentation industry. Contributors were selected based on their industrial background and orientation. The book is illustrated with numerous figures, photographs and schematic diagrams.
Readership
Engineers and scientists in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries who use fermentation techniques in production. Development, design, engineering and production personnel in the fermentation industry
Table of Contents
- 1. Fermentation Pilot Plant
1.1 Microbial Fermentation
1.2 Mammalian Cell Culture System
1.3 Bioreactors for Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Cultures
2. Fermentation Design
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fermentation Department, Equipment and Space Requirements
2.3 General Design Data
2.4 Continuous Sterilizers
2.5 Fermenter Cooling
2.6 The Design of Large Fermenters (Based on Aeration)
2.7 Trouble Shooting in a Fermentation Plant
3. Nutritional Requirements in Fermentation Processes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nutritional Requirements of the Cell
3.3 The Carbon Source
3.4 The Nitrogen and Sulfur Source
3.5 The Source of Trace and Essential Elements
3.6 The Vitamin Source and Other Growth Factors
3.7 Physical and Ionic Requirements
3.8 Media Development
3.9 Effect of Nutrient Concentration on Growth Rate
4. Statistical Methods for Fermentation Optimization
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Traditional One-Variable-at-a-Time Method
4.3 Evolutionary Optimization
4.4 Response Surface Methodology
4.5 Advantages of RSM
4.6 Disadvantages of RSM
4.7 Potential Difficulties with RSM
4.8 Methods to Improve the RSM Model
4.9 Summary
5. Agitation
5.1 Theory and Concepts
5.2 Pumping Capacity and Fluid Shear Rates
5.3 Mixers and Impellers
5.4 Baffles
5.5 Fluid Shear Rates
5.6 Full-Scale Plant Design
5.7 Full-Scale Process Example
5.8 The Role of Cell Concentration Mass Transfer Rate
5.9 Some Other Mass Transfer Considerations
5.10 Design Problems in Biochemical Engineering
5.11 Solution-Fermentation Problems
6. Filtration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cake Filtration
6.3 Theory
6.4 Particle Size Distribution
6.5 Optimal Cake Thickness
6.6 Filter Aid
6.7 Filter Media
6.8 Equipment Selection
6.9 Continuous vs. Batch Filtration
6.10 Rotary Vacuum Drum Filter
6.11 Nutsches
6.12 H_-Hybrid Filter Press
6.13 Manufacturers
7. Cross-Flow Filtration
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cross-Flow vs. Dead End Filtration
7.3 Comparison of Cross-Flow with Other Competing Technologies
7.4 General Characteristics of Cross-Flow Filters
7.5 Operating Configurations
7.6 Process Design Aspects
7.7 Applications Overview
8. Solvent Extraction
8.1 Extraction Concepts
8.2 Distribution Data
8.3 Solvent Selection
8.4 Calculation Procedures
8.5 Drop Mechanics
8.6 Types of Extraction Equipment
8.7 Selection of Equipment
8.8 Procedure Summary
8.9 Additional Information
9. Ion Exchange
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Theory
9.3 Ion Exchange Materials and Their Properties
9.4 Laboratory Evaluation of Resin
9.5 Process Considerations
9.6 Ion Exchange Operations
9.7 Industrial Chromatographic Operations
10. Evaporation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Evaporators and Evaporation Systems
10.3 Liquid Characteristics
10.4 Heat Transfer in Evaporators
10.5 Evaporator Types
10.6 Energy Considerations for Evaporation System Design
10.7 Process Control Systems for Evaporators
10.8 Evaporator Performance
10.9 Heat Sensitive Products
10.10 Installation of Evaporators
10.11 Troubleshooting Evaporation Systems
11. Crystallization
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Theory
11.3 Crystallization Equipment
11.4 Data Needed for Design
11.5 Special Considerations for Fermentation Processes
11.6 Method of Calculation
11.7 Troubleshooting
11.8 Summary
11.9 American Manufacturers
12. Centrifugation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Theory
12.3 Equipment Selection
12.4 Components of the Centrifuge
12.5 Sedimentation Centrifuges
12.6 Tubular-Bowl Centrifuges
12.7 Continuous Decanter Centrifuges (with Conveyor)
12.8 Disk Centrifuges
12.9 Filtering Centrifuges vs. Sedimentation Centrifuge
12.10 Filtering Centrifuges
12.11 Vertical Basket Centrifuges
12.12 Horizontal Peeler Centrifuges
12.13 Inverting Filter Centrifuge
12.14 Maintenance: Centrifuge
12.15 Safety
13. Water Systems for Pharmaceutical Facilities
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Scope
13.3 Source of Water
13.4 Potable Water
13.5 Water Pretreatment
13.6 Multimedia Filtration
13.7 Water Softening
13.8 Activated Carbon
13.9 Ultraviolet Purification
13.10 Deionization
13.11 Purified Water
13.12 Reverse Osmosis
13.13 Water for Injection
13.14 Water System Documentation
14. Sterile Formulations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sterile Bulk Preparation
14.3 Isolation of Sterile Bulk Product
14.4 Crystallization
14.5 Filtering/Drying
14.6 Milling/Blending
14.7 Bulk Freeze Drying
14.8 Spray Drying
14.9 Equipment Preparation
14.10 Validation
14.11 Filling Vials with Sterile Bulk Materials
14.12 Environment
14.13 Equipment List
15. Environmental Concerns
15.1 Environmental Regulations and Technology
15.2 Laws, Regulations and Permits
15.3 Technology (Waste Water)
15.4 Waste Water Treatment Strategy
15.5 Air (Emission of Concern)
15.6 Selecting a Control Technology
15.7 Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions Control
15.8 Particulate Control
15.9 Inorganics
16. Instrumentation and Control Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Measurement Technology
16.3 Biosensors
16.4 Cell Mass Measurement
16.5 Chemical Composition
16.6 Dissolved Oxygen
16.7 Exhaust Gas Analysis
16.8 Measurement of pH
16.9 Water Purity
16.10 Temperature
16.11 Pressure
16.12 Mass
16.13 Mass Flow Rate
16.14 Volumetric Flow Rate
16.15 Broth Level
16.16 Regulatory Control
16.17 Dynamic Modeling
16.18 Multivariable Control
16.19 Artificial Intelligence
16.20 Distributed Control
17. Drying
17.1 Indirect Drying
17.2 Direct Drying
18. Plant Design and Cost
18.1 Introduction to the Capital Project Life Cycle
18.2 Conceptual Phase
18.3 Preliminary Design Phase
18.4 Detail Design Phase
18.5 Construction Phase
18.6 Start-up Phase
18.7 The Fast Track Concept
18.8 The Impact of Validation
18.9 Introduction to the Costing of a Capital Project
18.10 Order of Magnitude Estimate
18.11 Approval Grade Estimate
18.12 Control Estimate
18.13 Dynamics of an Estimate
Product details
- No. of pages: 828
- Language: English
- Copyright: © William Andrew 2007
- Published: December 31, 1996
- Imprint: William Andrew
- eBook ISBN: 9780815517139
About the Authors
Henry C. Vogel
Celeste M. Todaro
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