Encyclopedia of Sleep
Description
Key Features
- 2013 PROSE Award winner for Multivolume Reference in Science from the Association of American Publishers
- Thoroughly interdisciplinary: looks at sleep throughout the life cycle, with exceptional coverage of basic sleep concepts, the physiology of sleep as well as sleep disorders of all descriptions
- Excellent coverage of sleep and special populations, covering the lifespan, as well as gender and ethnic differences, among others
- Chapters focusing on sleep disorders are grouped under the broad categories classified in the ICSD-2 for clear organization so that the reader can effectively access the steps involved in diagnosing and treating these disorders
- Online version is linked both within the encyclopedia (to related content) and to external sources (such as primary journal content) so that users have easy access to more detailed information if needed
Readership
Basic and clinical science researchers who study sleep science as well as clinicians who are seeking evidence-based diagnostic tools and treatments for patients suffering from sleep disorders. Also useful for polysomnographic technologists and other allied health professionals, as well as medical specialists and primary care physicians
Table of Contents
Editor-in-Chief
Editorial Board
Preface
Permission Acknowledgments
Basic Sleep Concepts, Science, Deprivation, and Mechanisms
Background
Perspectives
A History of the Scientific Study of Sleep
The First Hundred Years
A Gathering of Eagles
The Emergence of Sleep Research
The REM Period
Sleep Deprivation
Biological Rhythms and Sleep Research
Theories of Sleep
Sleep Disorders Research
See also
Further Reading
History of Sleep Medicine
Professional Organizations
Complications of OSA
Discipline Identity and Discipline Overlap
Minimal Penetration of the Mainstream Educational System
Final Thoughts
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Normal Human Sleep
Introduction
Adult Sleep Architecture
Sleep in Newborns and Infants
Changes in Sleep with Aging
Sleep Duration
Sleep Neurophysiology
Autonomic Nervous System
Model of Sleep Regulation
The Function of Sleep
Key Points
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Concepts of Fatigue, Sleepiness, and Alertness
Definitions of Sleepiness and Fatigue
Factors Underlying Fatigue, Sleepiness, and Alertness
Measurement
Countermeasures
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Classification of Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Hypersomnia Not Due to Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders, or Other Causes of Disturbed Nocturnal Sleep
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Isolated Symptoms, Apparently Normal Variants, and Unresolved Issues
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Ontogeny of Sleep
Humans Sleep Most When They Are Young
Infant Sleep and Wake Bouts Are Fragmented
Developmental Changes in Sleep Structure Build on a Basic Foundation
The Neural Control of Infant Sleep
Why Do Infants Sleep So Much?
Why Do Infants Twitch So Much During Sleep?
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Evolution of Sleep (Sleep Phylogeny)
Sleep in Mammals
Sleep in Birds
Sleep Amounts in Mammals and Birds
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Sleep-Like States in Other Organisms: Do All Animals Sleep Like Humans?
Is Sleep Vital for Memory Consolidation?
Why Do Animals Sleep?
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Amphibians and Reptiles
Definition
Characteristics
State-Dependent Brain Activity
REM Sleep
Sleep Mechanisms
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Physiology in Reptiles and Amphibians
Reptiles
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Birds
Introduction
REM Sleep
Non-REM Sleep
Non-REM Sleep and Connectivity
The Slow Oscillation as a Shared Feature of Sleep in Mammals and Birds
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Aquatic Species
Hallmarks of the Studies of Sleep in Aquatic Mammals
Sleep in Cetaceans
Sleep in Eared Seals (Otariids)
Sleep in True Seals (Phocids)
Sleep in the Walrus (Odobenids)
Sleep in Other Aquatic and Semiaquatic Mammals
Glossary
Further Reading
Mammalian Sleep
Healthy Sleep
Basic Sleep Tips
Introduction
Quantity of Sleep Needed
Quality of Sleep Needed
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Creating an Optimal Sleep Environment
The Sleep Environment
Sleep Hygiene Versus an Optimal Sleep Environment
Components of the Sleep Environment
Assessing the Sleep Environment
Changing the Sleep Environment
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Optimal Sleep Habits in Infants and Children
Introduction
Models for Conceptualizing and Studying Optimal Sleep in Infants and Children
Developmental Changes in the Sleep of Infants and Children
‘Optimal Sleep for Whom?’ – Individual Differences, Culture, and the Family
‘Optimal Sleep for What?’ – Health and Developmental Outcomes
What Treatments Optimize Sleep in Children with Sleep Problems?
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Early Childhood Pediatric Sleep Concerns for Parents: Cosleeping
Introduction
Sleep in Early Development and the Concept of ‘Self-Soothing’
Cosleeping Definition and Epidemiology
Cosleeping Associations and Outcomes
Breastfeeding, SIDS, and Bed Sharing
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Optimal Sleep Habits in Adolescents
See also
Further Reading
Optimal Sleep Habits in Middle-Aged Adults
Introduction
Normal Aging and Sleep
Sleep Disorders During Middle Age
Medical and Psychiatric Disorders
Menopause
Lifestyle
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Optimal Sleep Habits in the Elderly
Introduction
Addressing Medical and Psychiatric Conditions That Disturb Sleep
Addressing Changes in the Biological Clock
Optimizing the Dose and Timing of Medications to Promote Healthy Sleep
Optimal Healthy Sleep Practices
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Healthy Aging and Sleep
The Problem
Short Sleep
The Circadian Clock
The Menopausal State
Cognition
Some Therapeutic Approaches
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sex Differences in Sleep
Introduction
Sleep Behavior and Sleep Architecture
Sex and Age Interactions
Subjective Versus Objective Sleep Assessments
Sleep Under Challenging Conditions
The Role of Sex Steroids
Sleep Disorders
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Nutrition and Sleep
Introduction
Nutrition Affects Sleep
Sleep Affects Nutrition
Other Disturbances of Sleep Related to Nutrition
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Exercise and Sleep
Exercise and Sleep Quality
Mechanisms by Which Exercise Could Improve Sleep Quality
Exercise and Sleep Disorders
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
When an Individual Should See a Physician About Sleep
Dreaming
History of the Study of Dreams
The Early History of Laboratory Investigation of Dreams
Hypothesis: Dreams are Related to REM Sleep Characteristics
Hypothesis: Dream Images are Internally Generated
Hypothesis: Dreams are Related to Each Other Within the Night
Hypothesis: Dreams Relate to the Presleep Waking State
Hypothesis: Dreams Effect Postsleep Psychological Functioning
Hypothesis: Dreams Differ in Psychiatric Patients
The Future of Dream Research
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
The Interpretation of Dreams
See also
Further Reading
The Psychology of Dreams
Introduction: What Is a Dream?
The Psychology of Dreaming and the Physiology of REM and NREM Sleep
What Do We Dream About?
The Psychological ‘Meaning’ of Dreams
The ‘Work’ of Dreams: Memory Processing in the Sleeping Brain
Concluding Remarks
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Dreams, Psychopathology, Psychotherapy
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Dream Content in Psychopathology and Psychotherapy
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Dreaming and Psychiatric Disorders
Introduction
Similarities Between Dreaming and Psychosis
Personality Traits Shown to Affect Dream Experiences
The Relationship of Dreaming and Psychiatric Disorders
Psychoactive Drugs Modulate Dream Experience
REM Rebound: Psychotropic Effects
RBD and Psychiatric Components
Nightmares and Nocturnal Panic Attacks
Parasomnias: Possible Overlap with Psychiatric Disorders
Summary: Role of Dreaming in Psychopathology
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Neurobiology of Dreaming
Sleep Deprivation/Fragmentation Paradigms
Acute Sleep Deprivation
Introduction
Acute Sleep Deprivation Paradigms
Behavioral Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Arousal Influences
Individual Differences
Measuring Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation
Physiological Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation
Clinical Changes Associated with Total Sleep Deprivation
Recovery Sleep
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Partial and Sleep-Stage-Selective Deprivation
Introduction
Partial Sleep Deprivation
Sleep-Stage-Selective Deprivation
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Fragmentation
Introduction
Sleep Fragmentation as a Form of Sleep Deprivation
Different Types of Arousal
Neurophysiology of Sleep Fragmentation
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Nonrestorative Sleep
Extrinsic Factors Affecting Sleep Loss/Deprivation
Effects of Light and Temperature on Sleep in Adults and the Elderly
Introduction
Why Support the Aging Sleep–Wake Rhythm?
Would Support to Enhance the Sleep–Wake Rhythm Be Profitable?
How Can the Sleep–Wake Rhythm Be Supported?
The Effect of Light on the Sleep–Wake Rhythm of Elderly People
The Effect of Temperature on the Sleep–Wake Rhythm of Elderly People
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Effects of Pillows and Bed Surfaces on Sleep
The Mattress and Pillow
Common Sleep Surfaces
Mattress Research
Pillows
Pillow Research
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Sleep and Mental Performance: Effects of Time-Zone Transitions
Background
Rhythms of Sleep and Mental Performance
Changes to Sleep and Mental Performance After Time-Zone Transitions
Dealing with Jet Lag
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Shift Work
Sleepiness or Fatigue in Shift Workers
Performance and Accidents at Work
Special Cases
Shift-Work (Sleep) Disorder
Countermeasures
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Medications, Drugs of Abuse, and Alcohol
Intrinsic Factors Affecting Sleep Loss/Deprivation
Age and Individual Determinants of Cognitive Effects of Sleep Loss
Aging and Increased Resilience to Sleep Loss
Cognition-Based Explanations
Sleep/Wake Regulatory Explanations
Selection Bias
Trait Individual Differences
Searching for Predictors
Clinical Implications
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Homeostatic and Circadian Influences
Internal Mechanisms Regulate the Alternation of Wakefulness and Sleep
Theoretical Considerations on the Nature of Internal Mechanism: Clock and Homeostat
Investigating the Homeostat
Total Sleep Deprivation
Excess Sleep
Partial Sleep Deprivation
Selective Sleep Deprivation
Demonstrating the Combined Influence of Circadian Rhythmicity and Homeostat on Sleep Propensity
Separating the Circadian and Homeostatic Influence
The Paradoxical Circadian Sleep Propensity Rhythm
Functional Significance of the Circadian Sleep Propensity Rhythm
Circadian Influences on Sleep Structure
Circadian Influences on the EEG During Wakefulness and Performance
Influence of Sustained Wakefulness on the EEG During Wakefulness and Performance
Consequences of Disrupting the Balance Between Sleep Homeostasis and the Circadian Sleep Propensity Rhythm
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Attention and Memory Changes
Attention Changes
Memory Changes
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Electroencephalographic and Neurophysiological Changes
Definition
Some History
The Standard Sleep Scoring System
Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep Stages
The Rise of Computer-Aided Methods of EEG Analysis
Sleep Homeostasis and Sleep Regulation
Time Course and State Transitions
EEG Topography: Local Aspects of Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Metabolic and Endocrine Changes During Sleep
The Pineal Hormone, Melatonin
Key Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Thermoregulatory Changes
Introduction
Thermoregulation
Sleep Regulation
Thermoregulatory Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Rodents
Thermoregulatory Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Humans
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Biochemical Correlates of Prolonged Wakefulness
Glycogen
Lactate
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine
Nitric Oxide
Conclusion
Glossary
Further Reading
Immunologic Changes
The Role of Sleep in Human Immune Function
Sleep and the Innate Immune System
The Effects of Immune System Stimulation on Sleep
The Role of Sleep in the Development of Immunological Memory
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Changes in Gene Expression
Introduction
Microarray Studies in Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Genetic Effects
Psychiatric Associations of Sleep Loss/Deprivation
Changes in Affect
Effects of REM and NREM Sleep on Emotional Memory and Affective Function
Effects of Sleep Loss on Affect
Circadian Factors
Psychophysiology
Development and Sex
Risk for Mood Disorder
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Antidepressant Effects of Sleep Manipulation
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Personality and Psychopathic Changes
Introduction
Sleep Loss and Cognition
The Two-Process Model
Sleep Loss and Brain Function
Mood
Trait Emotional Intelligence
Constructive Thinking Skills
Frustration Tolerance
Symptoms of Psychopathology in Healthy Persons
Paradoxical Improvement in Depressed Patients
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Sleep
Sleep Loss in Disease States
Sleep Loss from Major Sleep Disorders
Prevalence of Sleepiness
Implications of Sleep Loss
Etiologies of Sleep Loss
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Sleep Loss Associated with Medical Conditions and Diseases
Special Populations Affected by Sleep Loss/Deprivation
Adolescence
Introduction
Changes in Sleep Duration
Changes in Sleep Intensity
Changes in the Homeostatic and Circadian Regulation of Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Pregnancy and Postpartum
Consequences of Sleep Loss
Sleep Loss: Impact on Self-reported Sleepiness, Effort, Performance, and Motivation
Introduction
Sleep Loss and Impact on Self-reported Sleepiness
Sleep Loss and Impact on Cognitive Performance
Sleep Loss and Behavioral Consequences
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Sleep Loss on Subjective and Objective Effort
Overview
Measurement of Subjective Effort
Measurement of Objective Effort
Subjective Effort
Timing of the Subjective Effort Measurement
Subjective Effort Metric
Objective Effort
Maintenance of Effort and Task Engagement during Sleep Deprivation
Biological Measures of Effort
Physiological Measures of Effort
Cortical Compensation
Individual Differences
Theoretical Models
Summary and Future Research
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Social and Economic Impact
Socioeconomic Group
Financial Strain
Marriage Status, Age, and Gender
Social Support
Caregiving
The Culture of Sleeping
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Occupational Impact
Physical Aspects
Psychosocial Factors
Stress as a Common Denominator
The Connection between Stress and Sleep in Cross-Sectional Studies
Prospective Studies
Rumination and Anticipation
Burnout and Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Military Operational Effectiveness
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Current Perspectives
Total Sleep Deprivation
Chronic Sleep Restriction
Sleep and Responses to Combat Stress
Current Guidelines
Tools for Sustaining Performance
Monitoring Sleep
Predicting Cognitive Readiness
Pharmacological Countermeasures
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Athletic Performance; Effects of Sleep Loss
Observed Rhythms of Physical Performance
Biological Causes of Rhythmicity
Biological Causes of Physical Performance Rhythms
Effects of Sleep Loss Upon Athletic Performance
Advice
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Medical Resident/Physician Performance
Basic Overview of Sleep/Wake Regulation
Laboratory Demonstrated Effects of Acute and Chronic Partial Sleep Restriction
Laboratory Demonstrated Effects of Circadian Misalignment
Laboratory Demonstrated Effects of Sleep Inertia
Data on Sleep/Wake Disruption Specifically Pertaining to Physicians
Physician Trainee Work Schedule Countermeasures
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Driving Risks and Accidents
Factors Responsible for MVCs
Attitudes Toward Drowsy Driving
Sleep Disorders and MVCs
Detecting Driving Impairment
Managing Driving Risk
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Legal Implications of Sleep Loss
Short-Term Countermeasures for Sleep Loss Effects
Behavioral and Environmental Countermeasures of Sleep Loss
Introduction
Countermeasures to Prevent Sleep Loss
Countermeasures to Combat the Effects of Sleep Loss
Substances that Affect Fatigue or Sleepiness
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Naps
Critical Theoretical and Practical Issues
The Function of Sleep
There May Be Many Functions of Sleep Across the Animal Kingdom
Is Sleep for the Brain?
Is Sleep for Cerebral Energy Restoration?
Is Sleep for Synaptic Homeostasis?
Is Memory Consolidation a Function of Sleep?
The Processing of Memory Transcripts During Sleep
The Relationship Between NREM and REM Sleep
Cellular and Molecular Functions of Sleep
See also
Further Reading
Recovery from Sleep Loss
Sleep Loss
Recovery from Sleep Loss
Current Directions in Recovery Research
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Eliminating Cumulative Sleep Debt and Sleep Satiation
Cumulative Sleep Debt
Excess Wakefulness
Sleep Satiation
Eliminating Cumulative Sleep Debt
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Role of Pharmacological Interventions for Sleep Deprivation
Stimulants for Improving Cognitive Performance and Alertness
Comparison Among Stimulants and Executive Functioning
Sleep-Inducing Agents for Improving Sleep
Operational Use of Stimulants and Sleep-Inducing Agents
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Sleep Length: Findings and Recommendations for Future Research
Introduction
Epidemiology of Sleep Duration
Longitudinal Studies of Short and Long Sleepers
Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Future of Sleep Research
Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology of Sleep
Background
Overview of Physiological Processes During Sleep
Regulation of Body Temperature
Regulation of Circulation
Regulation of Respiration
Neural Networks of Sleep and Physiological Regulation
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Chemical Neuroanatomy of Sleep–Wake Systems
Historical Perspective
Waking: Activating and Arousal Systems
Sleep: Deactivating and SWS Systems
Sleep: REM or PS Systems
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology of Sleep/Wake Regulations
Chronobiology of Sleep
Molecular and Genetic Bases for the Circadian System
External World and Entrainment of the Circadian Clock
Clock Genes – The Components of the Molecular Circadian Clock
Clock Disruption and Circadian Phenotypic Effects
Clock Genes and Sleep Homeostasis
Clock Genes and Human Sleep Disorders
Clock Signal Transduction Pathways and Sleep
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Homeostasis
Introduction
Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep Homeostasis
REM Sleep Homeostasis
Waking EEG Markers of Sleep Homeostasis
Sleep Homeostasis in Special Populations
Future Directions
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Circadian Rhythms and Physiological Processes
Regulatory Concepts in Physiology
Physiological Rhythms Are Regulated by a Multioscillatory Timekeeping System
Circadian Regulation of Body Temperature
Circadian Control of Neuroendocrine Function
Consequences of Circadian Organization for Disease
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Chronobiology of Sleep – Circadian Rhythms, Behavior, and Performance
Circadian Regulation of Sleep
Circadian Rhythms
Circadian Sleep Disorders
Melatonin and Core Body Temperature – Markers of Circadian Phase
Circadian Rhythms and Performance
Circadian Disorders and Mental Health
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
The Influence of Light, Exercise, and Behavior upon Circadian Rhythms
Introduction
Concept of Biological Clocks
Molecular Basis of Circadian Clocks
Master and Peripheral Clocks
Phase Shifts and Phase Response Curves
Light’s Path to the Mammalian Circadian Clock
Molecular Mechanisms of Light-Induced Phase Shifts
Other Timing Cues: Hints from Neuromorphology
Nonphotic Entrainment: Exercise
Feeding Behavior as a Zeitgeber
Outlook: Entrainment of and by the Clock
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Effects of Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists on Circadian Rhythms
Sleep and the Nervous System
Basic Sleep–Wake Mechanisms
Introduction: Sleep as an Active Process
Arousal Systems
Thalamic–Cortical Interactions and the Generation of the Sleep EEG
Mechanisms of Sleep Onset and Sleep Maintenance
Sleep-Generating Neurons in the Preoptic Hypothalamus
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
NREM Sleep: Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
NREM Sleep: Anatomy
NREM Sleep Switching
NREM Sleep Regulation: Thermoregulatory Mechanism
NREM Sleep: Neurochemical/Homeostatic Regulation
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
REM Sleep Anatomy and Physiology
Transection Studies
Localized Lesion Studies
Stimulation Studies
Neuronal Activity, Transmitter Release
Control of Muscle Tone in Sleep
Narcolepsy and Hypocretin
The Functions of Sleep
See also
Further Reading
NREM–REM Sleep Regulation
Introduction: Two States of Sleep
Hypothalamic Control of Sleep and Arousal
Brainstem Control of REM Sleep
Generation of NREM–REM Cycles
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Electrophysiology of Sleep–Wake Systems
Historical Perspective
Waking: Activating and Arousal Systems
Sleep: Deactivating and SWS Systems
Sleep: REM or PS Systems
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Neurochemistry of Sleep
Introduction
Waking Systems
Sleep Systems
Anterior Preoptic Hypothalamus
Posterior Hypothalamus
Brain Stem
Somnogens
Sleep and Waking Interactions
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Thermoregulation and Sleep
Introduction
Covariation of Sleep- and Thermophysiological-Variables under Baseline Conditions
Effects of Thermal Intervention on Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Peripheral Nervous System and Sleep
Sleep-State-Dependent Control of Motor Neurons and Somatic Sensory Neurons
Release of Peripheral Inhibition in the Generation of Sleep Related Penile Erection
Sleep-State-Dependent Changes to the Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Cardiovascular Changes During Sleep
Autonomic Respiratory Changes During Sleep
Motor and Autonomic Control of GI Enteric System During Sleep
Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Periodic Limb Movements, and REM Behavior Sleep Disorder as Consequences of Peripheral Neuropathy, Neuromuscular disorders, and Autonomic Dysfunctions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
The Modulation of Memory by Sleep
Sleep and the Respiratory System
The Upper Airway Anatomy
Introduction
Nose
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Respiratory Physiology
Neural Organization of the Respiratory System
The State-Dependent Chemical Brain
Central Control of Respiratory Network Activity
Lung Ventilation
Respiratory Chemoreflexes
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep and the Control of Breathing
Control of Breathing During Wakefulness
Normal Breathing During Sleep
Abnormal Breathing Patterns
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Physiology and Dynamics of the Pharyngeal Airway
Necessity for the Pharynx to Be Collapsible
Anatomy of the Pharynx
Neural Control of Pharyngeal Airway
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Effects of Altitude on Breathing During Sleep
Sleep and Other Systems
Sleep and the Cardiovascular System
Physiology of Sleep and the Cardiovascular System
Sleep Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Function during Normal Sleep
Clinical Consequences of Changes in Autonomic Nervous System During Sleep
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Sleep and the Peripheral Vascular System
Cerebral Circulation
Cutaneous Circulation
Renal and Splanchnic Circulation
Skeletal Muscle Circulation
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep and the Immune System
Influence of Sleep on Immune System Parameters
Impact of Disrupting Normal Sleep Patterns on Immune System Parameters
Functional Consequences of Sleep-Related Alterations in Immune Function
Considerations/Confounding Factors/Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Endocrinology of Sleep
Introduction
Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Somatotrophic System
Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Adrenocortical System
Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Thyroid System
Insulin
Prolactin, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide
Other Peptides
Interaction of Peptides
Melatonin
Neuroactive Steroids
Gonadal Hormones
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Gastrointestinal Physiology During Sleep
Pharmacology of Sleep
Basic Pharmacologic Mechanisms of Sleep
Brain Regions and Neurotransmitter Systems that Participate in the Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness
Neurotransmitter Systems Involved in the Promotion of Wakefulness and Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Endogenous Sleep-Promoting Substances
Introduction
Sleep Regulatory Substances
What Is It About Wakefulness That Causes Increased Propensity for Sleep and Enhanced SRS Levels?
Brain Organization of Sleep
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Hypnotic Substances and Medications
Introduction
Prescribed Drugs
Other Drugs Used in Insomnia
See also
Further Reading
Pharmacotherapeutic Principles for Hypnotic Medications
Insomnia: Diagnostic Criteria
Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia
Mechanism of Action of Hypnotic Drugs
Pharmacokinetics of Hypnotic Drugs in Healthy Adults and in Populations at Risk
The Effect of Hypnotic Drugs on Sleep Variables in Patients with Insomnia
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists and Sleep
Sleep Promotion via GABAergic Inhibition
GABAA Receptors and Sleep Promotion
Mechanism of Action of Benzodiazepines: A Servo Mechanism for Inhibition
Benzodiazepine-Sensitive GABAA Receptors and Their Multiplicity
EEG Fingerprints of Benzodiazepine Site Hypnotics
Pharmacokinetics
Tolerance, Dependence, Withdrawal
Benzodiazepine Site Hypnotic Drugs in Clinical Use
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Antidepressants and Sleep
Introduction
Antidepressants and Sleep
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotonin-2 Receptor Antagonists/Reuptake Inhibitors
Atypical Antidepressants
Melatonin Agonists
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Wake-Promoting Substances
Amphetamine-Like Stimulants
Modafinil
Caffeine
Nicotine
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Wake-Promoting Medications
Introduction
Neurobiology of Wakefulness
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Medications that Disrupt Sleep
Assessment, Methodology, Training, and Policies of Sleep
Assessment
History and Physical Exam
The Structural Basis of History Taking
Outline of the Physical Exam
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Questionnaires and Rating Scales
Adult Questionnaires
Questionnaires Used in the Sleep Laboratory
Pediatric Sleep Questionnaires
Research Questionnaires
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Rating Scales to Assess Sleep Disorders
Why Are Rating Scales Used to Assess Sleep Disorders?
How to Choose a Rating Scale?
Evaluating Questionnaires: Validity, Reliability, and Sensitivity
Commonly Used Rating Scales to Assess Sleep Disorders
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Chronobiological Assessment
Chronobiology and Circadian Rhythm
Biological Markers
Behavioral Tools
AASM Guidelines
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Psychologic and Psychiatric Assessment
Neuropsychological Approach
Insomnia
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Neurologic Assessment
Chief Complaint
History of Present Illness
The Physical Examination
Neurodiagnostic Testing
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Cardiac and Cardiovascular Assessment
Introduction
History and Physical Examination
Diagnostic Tests
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Respiratory Assessment
Breathing and Sleep
Respiratory Focused Medical History
Respiratory Symptoms
Nasal Symptoms
Upper-Airway Anatomy
Upper-Airway Examination
Examination of the Chest and Lungs
Additional Studies
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Gastrointestinal Assessment
Instrumentation and Methodology
Adult Polysomnography
Definition
History
Clinical Polysomnography: Overview
Clinical Polysomnography: Some Technical Details for Parameters for Sleep Staging
Electroencephalography
Electrooculography
Electromyography
Clinical Polysomnography: Some Technical Details for Sleep Physiology
Clinical Polysomnography: Special Attention to the Patient and Equipment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Pediatric Polysomnography
Definition of Polysomnography
General Methods of Recording in PSG
Sleep Variables Unique to Pediatrics
Pediatric Indications and Findings in PSG
Night-to-Night Polysomnographic Variability
The Pediatric PSG Report
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Portable Monitoring
Introduction
Classification of Portable Monitoring Devices
Technology
Indications and Methodology
Scoring and Interpretation
Literature Review
Validity and Reliability
Limitations of Methodology
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Electroencephalography
Physiological Basis of EEG
Technical Requirements
Types of Quantitative EEG Analysis
Sleep EEG across the Lifespan
EEG Research
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Monitoring and Staging Human Sleep
Background
EEG–EOG–EMG Electrode Placement and Application
Digital Recording Requirements
EEG Bandwidths, Waveforms, and Other Activity
Sleep Staging Rules and CNS Arousals
Summarizing Normal Sleep
Ambiguous Sleep Stages and Sleep Quality
Clinical Pearls
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Respiratory Monitoring During Sleep
Airflow Detection
Respiratory Effort
Other Physiologic Parameters
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Nocturnal Penile Tumescence
Definition of Nocturnal Penile Tumescence/Sleep-Related Erection
Neuroanatomy of Erections
Suprasegmental Control of Erections
Procedures
Sleep Disorders and ED
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Overview of Objective Tests to Assess Excessive Sleepiness
Introduction
Laboratory Base Objective Testing
Performance Testing
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Actigraphy
Introduction
What Is Actigraphy?
Validity and Reliability of Actigraphy
Limitations of Actigraphy
The Use of Actigraphy
Other Clinical Uses of Actigraphy
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Actigraphy in Children
Placement
Sleep Diaries
Recording Duration
Care and Return of Actigraph
Reimbursement
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
Introduction
Historical Background
Performing the MSLT
MSLT Interpretation
Controversies
Technical Concerns
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Maintenance of Wakefulness Test
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Psychomotor Vigilance Performance
Vigilance
The Psychomotor Vigilance Task
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Vigilance
Task Advantages
Neural Basis
Objective Versus Subjective Measurement of Sleepiness
Task Administration
Outcome Measures
‘Real-World’ Validity
Animal Model
Effects of Countermeasures
Individual Differences
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Neurocognitive Testing
Underlying Neurophysiology
Neurocognitive Approach
Executive Functioning
Considerations for Laboratory Testing
Task Complexity
Repeated Testing
Effects of Age
Examples of Neurocognitive Tasks
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Neuroimaging and Sleep
Training and Research
Sleep Technologist Requirements
Duties and Responsibilities
Glossary
Relevant Websites
Fellowship Training for Sleep Medicine
Introduction
Sleep Medicine Fellowship Training
Sleep Medicine Board Examination
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Board Certification for Sleep Clinicians
Introduction
American Board of Sleep Medicine (1978–2006)
American Board of Medical Specialties (2007–Present)
Certification of Added Qualification in Sleep Medicine by an American Osteopathic Association Member Board (2009–present)
American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine (2004–Present)
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Funding Sources for Sleep-Related Research Grants
Extramural Funding Opportunities
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Designing and Implementing Sleep-Related Clinical Trials
The Multifaceted Project Team
Study Design
Randomized Clinical Trial
Primary and Secondary Endpoints
Sample Size
Enrollment and Recruitment
Randomization
Single or Multiple Site Studies
Promotion and Monitoring Intervention Adherence
Clinical Data Management
Statistical Analysis
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Setting Up a Laboratory for Sleep-Related Animal Research
Introduction
Mouse Model of Sleep
Measuring Sleep in the Fly
Biochemistry/Molecular Biology
Uncommon Sense
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Planning Sleep-Related Animal and Translational Research
Introduction
Sleep Correlates in Animals
Genetics of Sleep, Insights from Animal Studies
Techniques to Study Sleep in Animals
Biosafety Guidelines, Veterinary Issues, and Ethical Considerations
Choosing an Animal Model
Animal Model for Sleep Disorders
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Succeeding in an Academic Sleep Environment
Policies and Procedures
Accreditation for Sleep Disorders Centers
Why Seek Accreditation?
First Steps
Self-Assessment
Full Accreditation of Sleep Disorders Center
Provisional Accreditation of Sleep Disorders Center
Resources
Important Tips and Reminders
Glossary
Further Reading
Public Policy, Sleep Science, and Sleep Medicine
Introduction
Background: What Is Public Policy?
Sleep Science and Sleep Medicine Meets Public Policy: Problem Areas
Public Policy Meets Sleep Science and Sleep Medicine: Interventions
Advocating for Sleep-Related Health and Safety Issues
Putting it all Together: Influencing Emerging Sleep-Related Public Policy Issues
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Sleep-Related Resources for Patients and Physicians
Insomnia and Hypersomnias
Features, Factors, and Characteristics of Insomnia
Ontogeny of Insomnia
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Ontogeny
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Insomnia
Introduction
Psychological and Behavioral Perspectives
Psychophysiological Perspectives on the Pathophysiology of Insomnia
Clinical Neuroscience Perspectives
Basic and Translational Neuroscience Perspectives
Integration
Persistent Methodologic Issues and Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Risk Factors
Definition and Critical Review of Methodology Used to Study Risk Factors
Demographic Characteristics
Modifiable Risk Factors
Insomnia as a Risk Factor
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Familial and Genetic Factors
Descriptions of Insomnia
Description of Insomnia
Conceptual Model of Insomnia
Nocturnal Symptoms
Duration of Insomnia Symptoms
Daytime Impairment and Distress
Hyperarousal
Primary and Comorbid Insomnia
Risk Factors
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Types of Insomnia
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Psychophysiological Insomnia
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Predisposing, Precipitating and Perpetuating Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Paradoxical Insomnia
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Idiopathic Insomnia
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Insomnia Due to Mental Illness
Introduction
Diagnostic Nomenclature
Assessment of IMD
How Does Insomnia Become a Comorbid Condition?
Presentation of Insomnia in DSM-IV Axis I Disorders
Treatment Options
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Inadequate Sleep Hygiene
Introduction
Diagnostic Criteria
Clinical Features and Guidelines for Treatment
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Behavioral Insomnia of Childhood
Diagnostic Criteria, Clinical Presentation, and Prevalence
Consequences
Typical Sleep in Young Children
Assessment
Treatment
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Insomnia Due to Drug or Substance Abuse and Dependence
Abbreviations
Substance Use Disorder – Definitions, Prevalence, and Mechanisms
Substances of Abuse and Their Physiological Effects on Sleep
Treatment Options
Summary and Concluding Remarks
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Insomnia Comorbid with Medical Conditions
Associations and Consequences of Insomnia
Endocrine Function and Glucose Metabolism
Insomnia and Hyperarousal
Insomnia and Increased Sympathetic Activity
Insomnia and Increased HPA Activity
Insomnia and Obesity
Insomnia, Glucose Metabolism, and Type 2 Diabetes
Insomnia and Lipid Metabolism
Insomnia and Protein Metabolism
Insomnia and Bone Metabolism
Areas of Uncertainty, Methodological Problems, and Future Research
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Mood and Behavior
The Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation
Behavior, Sleep Homeostasis, and Circadian Dysregulation in Insomnia
Comorbidity of Insomnia and Depressive Disorders
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Fatigue and Sleepiness
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Health-Related Quality of Life
Daytime Consequences of Insomnia
Measurement of HRQoL
HRQoL in Insomnia
Influence of Comorbid Disorders
Effect of Insomnia Treatment on HRQoL
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Individual and Societal Impact
Diagnosis of Insomnia
Insomnia: History and Physical Exam
Introduction
Diagnostic Assessment for Insomnia
Clinical Interview
Self-Report Questionnaires
Psychological Testing
Sleep Log
Polysomnography
Actigraphy
Physical Exam
Laboratory Assessment
Imaging Studies
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Diagnostic Tools for Insomnia
Introduction
Diagnostic Systems and Insomnia
Clinical Interview: The Essential Diagnostic Tool for Insomnia
Subjective Assessment Tools
Objective Measures: Alternative Tools for Insomnia
Putting the Tools Together
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Diagnostic Algorithm for Insomnia
Treatment of Insomnia
Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia
Why a Behavioral Approach for Treating Chronic Insomnia Should Be Considered?
Description of Behavioral Therapies for Chronic Insomnia
Research About Behavioral Therapies to Treat Insomnia
Comparisons of Behavioral Therapies and Hypnotic Medication to Treat Insomnia
Issues Surrounding the Implementation of Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: Treatment Delivery Methods, Treatment Providers, and Patient Adherence
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Cognitive Therapy for Insomnia
The Cognitive Model and Cognitive Therapy for Insomnia
Case Conceptualization: Phase 1 (1–2 Sessions)
Reversing the Maintaining Processes: Phase 2 (4–6 Sessions)
Consolidation/Relapse Prevention: Phase 3 (1–2 Sessions)
State of the Evidence
Future Directions
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
Introduction
Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists
Efficacy
Safety
Melatonin Receptor Agonist
Antidepressant Medications
Alternative Medications
Over-the-Counter Medications
Recently Approved Sleep Medication
Discussion
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Adjunctive and Alternative Treatment of Insomnia
Who Uses Adjunctive and Alternative Treatments for Insomnia and Why?
Natural Products
Mind–Body Interventions
Manipulative and Body-Based Therapies
Other Adjunctive Interventions
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Special Considerations for the Nonpharmacological Treatment of Insomnia
Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues for Insomnia
Gender Differences
Basic Biological Differences in Sleep Between the Sexes Across the Life Span
Influence of Gender Issues upon Sleep
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Insomnia in Children
Assessment
Insomnia in Infants, Toddlers, and Preschool Children
Insomnia in Middle Childhood
Adolescent Insomnia
Psychopharmacological Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Insomnia in Older Adults
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Medication Effects
Cardiovascular Medication
Psychotherapeutic Medication
Sedative Hypnotics
The Atypical Antipsychotic Agents (e.g., Olanzapine, Quetiapine)
Antidepressants
Stimulants
Nicotine-Dependency Treatments
Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary Medication
Cholesterol Agents
Hormones
Analgesics
Anti-infective Agents
Medication to Treat Neurological Disorders
OTC Medication
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Impact of Neurological Disorders on Insomnia
Introduction
Headache and Insomnia
Stroke and Insomnia
Epilepsy and Insomnia
Insomnia in Neurodegenerative Conditions
Multiple Sclerosis and Insomnia
Insomnia in Neuromuscular Disorders
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Psychiatric Disorders
Mood Disorders and Insomnia
Anxiety Disorders and Insomnia
Substance Use and Insomnia
Pain Disorders and Insomnia
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Legal Implications of Insomnia
Introduction
Medical/Legal Aspects of Insomnia
Forensic Consultations for Insomnia Cases
Additional Principles of Risk Management
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Future Directions in Insomnia Diagnosis and Treatment
Features, Factors, and Characteristics of Hypersomnias
The History of Narcolepsy
Early Observations: 400 BC–AD 1877
Recognition of Cataplexy: 1877–1900
Scientific Progress: 1900–50
An Explosion of Knowledge: 1950–2011
Brief History of Treatment
Looking Forward
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Epidemiology of Hypersomnia
Introduction
Narcolepsy
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Recurrent Hypersomnia
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Ontogeny of Hypersomnias
Introduction
Ontogeny of Sleep and Sleepiness
Pathological Hypersomnia
Ontogeny of Pathological Hypersomnia and Differential Diagnosis Considerations
Ontogeny of Specific Hypersomnia Conditions
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Hypersomnia: Etiologies
Introduction
Observational Studies/Case Series
EEG/Sleep Architecture Abnormalities
Neurotransmitters in Hypersomnia
Circadian Dysfunction
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Pathogenesis of Hypersomnia
Introduction
Neuroanatomy and Neurochemistry of Wakefulness and Sleep
Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia
Histamine and Hypersomnia
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Recurrent Hypersomnia
Other Causes of Hypersomnia
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Risk Factors for Hypersomnias
Introduction
Narcolepsy With and Without Cataplexy
Narcolepsy-Like Symptoms Due to Other Neurological Conditions
Recurrent Hypersomnia
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome
Hypersomnia Due to Medication
Hypersomnia Due to a Medical Condition
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Familial and Genetic Factors of Narcolepsy
Descriptions of Hypersomnias
Overview of Hypersomnias
Introduction
Narcolepsy
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Recurrent Hypersomnias
Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome
Treatment
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Description of Hypersomnias
Overview
Mechanisms Underlying Sleepiness
Evaluating Sleepiness
Hypersomnia Classification Systems
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Associations and Consequences of Hypersomnias
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Types of Hypersomnia
Distinguishing Features
Unresolved Issues
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Narcolepsy with Cataplexy
Clinical Features
Associated Clinical Features
Epidemiology and Natural History
Clinical Neurophysiology
Pathophysiology and Neurochemistry
Etiology
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Narcolepsy without Cataplexy
Introduction
Epidemiology
Orexin – Role in Wakefulness and Sleep
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Narcolepsy due to a Medical Condition
Epidemiology
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Clinical Subtypes
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Recurrent Hypersomnia
History and Nomenclature
Key Symptoms and Signs
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Idiopathic Hypersomnia with Long Sleep Time
Diagnostic Criteria
Nocturnal Sleep
Daytime Sleepiness
Multiple Sleep Latency Test
Associated Features
Differential Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Idiopathic Hypersomnia without Long Sleep Time
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome
Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome: Defining Features
Differential Diagnosis
Consequences of Insufficient Sleep
Treatment of BIISS
Other Considerations
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Hypersomnia Due to Drug or Substance
Associations and Consequences of Hypersomnias
Morbidity and Mortality
Hypersomnia-Related Diagnoses
Morbidity
Mortality
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Effect on the Central Nervous System
History and Nomenclature
Epidemiology
Clinical Course and Modifying Factors
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Complications and Consequences
Evaluation of the Effects
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Mood and Behavior
Introduction
Psychiatric Disorders and Hypersomnia
Mood and Behavior in Central Hypersomnias
Hypersomnia Due to a Medical Condition and its Association with Mood and Behavior
Sleep Deprivation
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleepiness
Introduction
Sleepiness Classifications
Interindividual Differences in Susceptibility to EDS
Biological Underpinnings and Predisposing Factors
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Hypersomnia
Hypersomnia
Narcolepsy
Recurrent Hypersomnia
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
See also
Further Reading
Economic Impact of Sleep Deprivation
Economic Consequences of Sleep Loss and Sleep Disorders
Sleep Deprivation and Other Health Effects
See also
Further Reading
Individual and Societal Impact of Hypersomnias
Diagnosis of Hypersomnias
Diagnosis of Hypersomnia in Children: Screening and Case Finding
Onset, Ontogeny and Clinical Course
Predisposing and Precipitating Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Diagnostic Tools for Hypersomnias
Introduction
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Testing
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Diagnostic Algorithm for Hypersomnias
Treatment of Hypersomnias
Treatment of Hypersomnia
Therapeutic Approach to the Hypersomnia Patient
Basic Principles of Pharmacologic Therapy for Hypersomnia
Clinical Pharmacology of Stimulant and Anticataplectic Therapies
Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Hypersomnia
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Special Considerations for Treatment of Hypersomnias
Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues for Hypersomnias
Hypersomnias in Children
Introduction
Hypersomnia due to Insufficient Sleep (Decreased Amount of Sleep)
Hypersomnia due to Fragmented Sleep (Decreased Quality of Sleep)
Hypersomnia due to Increased Need for Sleep
Assessment of Hypersomnia in Children
Management of Hypersomnia in Children
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Hypersomnias in the Elderly
Introduction
Sleep Architecture in the Elderly
Circadian Rhythm Changes in the Elderly
Differential Diagnoses for Daytime Hypersomnia in the Elderly
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Medications and Sleep
Sedative–Hypnotics
Medications Altering Sleep-Associated Diagnoses
Medications Affecting Dreaming
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Other Sleep Disorders
Introduction
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Restless Legs Syndrome, Periodic Limb Movements During Sleep and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
NREM Parasomnias
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Neurological Diseases
Introduction
Hypersomnias of Central Origin
Hypersomnia Due to Medical Condition
Narcolepsy Due to Medical Condition
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Due to Medical Condition
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Medical Disorders
History
Sleep and the Clinical Course of Medical Conditions
Acute Medical Conditions
Chronic Medical Conditions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Psychiatric Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Anxiety Disorders
Eating Disorders
Substance Use and Abuse
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Legal Implications of Hypersomnias
Drowsy Driving
Narcolepsy
Statutory and Case Law
Ethical and Legal Responsibilities for Reporting Sleepy Drivers
Flying
Sleepiness and the Workplace
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Future Directions in Hypersomnias: Diagnosis and Treatment
Sleep in Special Populations
Pediatric Sleep
Key Differences in Pediatric versus Adult Sleep
Introduction
Sleep Stages
Sleep Regulation: Circadian Rhythm and Homeostatic Sleep Regulation
Sleep Efficiency
Sleep Latency
Total Sleep Time
Sleep Consolidation
Neuroendocrine Activity During Sleep
Key Differences in Sleep Pathology with Age
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Electrophysiological Changes in Sleep During Childhood
Introduction
Premature Newborn
Term to 3 Months of Age
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Neonates and Infants
Day–Night Distribution and Consolidation of Sleep
Proximal and Distal Care of the Babies
Variability of Sleep Duration
Sleep Architecture in the First Year
The Development of Circadian Rhythms
Sleep Homeostasis During the First Year of Life
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Newborn and Infant Sleep
Sleep Architecture
Maturation of the Sleep Stages
Maturation of Sleep State Organization
Control of Breathing
Periodic Breathing
Apnea of Prematurity
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Children
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Infants and Children with Medical Disorders
Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Atopic Dermatitis
Cancer
Congenital Heart Disease
Craniofacial Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis
Down Syndrome
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Sickle Cell Anemia
Renal Disease
Visual Impairment
See also
Further Reading
Sleep in Children with Genetic Disorders
Down Syndrome
Prader–Willi Syndrome
Joubert Syndrome
Rett Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Craniofacial Syndromes
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Smith–Magenis Syndrome
Costello Syndrome
Niemann–Pick Type C
Sickle Cell Disease
Williams Syndrome
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Children with Neurological and Neuromuscular Disorders
Epilepsy
Chiari Malformations and Myelomeningocele
Traumatic Brain Injury
Cerebral Palsy
Poststroke
Blindness
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Neuromuscular Diseases
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Disturbance in Children with Intellectual and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
Overview of Sleep Disturbance in Children with Intellectual/Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
Contributors to Sleep Problems in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
Specific Sleep Disorders in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
Assessment of Sleep Disturbance in Children with Developmental Disabilities
Sleep in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Treatment of Sleep Disturbance in Children with Developmental Disabilities
Medically Based Treatment
Medication-Based Treatment
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing and Precipitating Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Infants and Children with Chronic Respiratory Disorders
Asthma
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Cystic Fibrosis
Pulmonary Hypertension
Special Considerations for Performing and Interpreting PSG in Children with Chronic Respiratory Disorders
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Children with Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases
Relevance
Contributors to Sleep Disturbance
Common Sleep Complaints
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Importance of Interventions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Children with Psychiatric Disorders
Sleep in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Sleep in Children with Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: From Epidemiology to Pathophysiology
Definition
Pathologic Examinations
Incidence
Risk and Protective Factors
Model for SIDS
Mechanisms Implicated in SIDS Deaths
Physiopathology
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Chronic Pain and Other Pediatric Conditions
Sleep in Other Age Groups
Sleep in Middle Age
Sleep in the Middle Years of Life
Sleep Disorders in Middle Age
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Older Adults
Introduction
Circadian Rhythm Disturbances
Major Sleep Disorders
Consequences of Poor Sleep
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Pathology in the Elderly
Introduction
Insomnia in the Elderly
Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Parasomnias
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Hypersomnias
Environmental and Psychosocial Factors
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Disturbances in Nursing Homes
Sleep in Women
Normal Sleep in Women
Introduction
Hormonal Transitions
Psychosocial Aspects of Sleep in Women
Mood Disorders
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Pregnancy and the Postpartum
Sleep During Pregnancy
Common Pregnancy-Related Sleep Disturbances
Sleep by Trimester
Frequent Pregnancy-Related Sleep Disorders
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep During Perimenopause
Sleep and Ethnicity
Ethnicity and Prevalence of Sleep Disorders
Introduction
‘Short’ Sleep and ‘Long’ Sleep
Insomnia
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Narcolepsy–Cataplexy
Restless Legs Syndrome
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep, Sleepiness, and Sleep Disorders: Principles for Examining Differences by Ethnicity
Sleep in Other Conditions
Sleep in Other Conditions: Sleep in the Caregiver
Introduction
Sleep in Caregivers for Persons with Dementia
Sleep Characteristics of Caregivers for Persons with Dementia
Factors Contributing to Poor Sleep in Caregivers for Persons with Dementia
Sleep in Caregivers for Cognitively Intact Persons
Caregivers of Adults
Caregivers of Children
Caregiver Sleep Disturbance as Chronic Insomnia
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep and Anesthesia
Sleep and Anesthesia: Distinct States with Shared Characteristics
Unconsciousness in Sleep and Anesthesia: A Common Narcotic Switch
Physiological Changes During Sleep and Anesthesia Affecting Respiration
Sites and Genesis of Upper Airway Obstruction During Anesthesia and Sleep
Clinical Interrelationships Between Sleep and Anesthesia
The Use of Anesthesia in the Investigation of Patients with Suspected or Known Sleep Disorders
Sleep in the Postoperative Period
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep and Athletes
Sleep
Circadian Rhythms
Jet Lag
Sleep Loss
Best Practices for Athletes
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep and Shift Work
Circadian Rhythms
Sleep
Shift Work Sleep Disorder
Shift Work and Health
Shift Work, Performance, and Safety
Best Practices for Shift Work
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep at High Altitudes
Introduction
Changes in Sleep at High Altitudes
Acute Mountain Sickness
Treatment of Sleep Disturbance at High Altitude
OSA at High Altitudes
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Chronic Mountain Sickness and Sleep
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep in Aviation and Space
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (CRSD)
Features, Factors, and Characteristics of CRSD
A Brief History of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Introduction
Identification and Characterization
Classification
Treatment
Genetics
See also
Further Reading
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder: Genetic and Environmental Factors
Descriptions of CRSD
Overview and Description of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Introduction
Delayed Sleep-Phase Disorder
Advanced Sleep-Phase Disorder
Irregular Sleep–Wake Disorder
Free-Running Disorder
Jet Lag Disorder
Shift Work Disorder
CRSD Due to Medical Condition
Other CRSD (Circadian Rhythm Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified)
Other CRSD Due to Drug or Substance
Summary and Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Pathophysiology, Associations, and Consequences of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder
Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder
Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder
Irregular Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disorder
Free-Running Disorder
Jet Lag Disorder
Shift Work Sleep Disorder
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Delayed Sleep-Phase Type
Description and Diagnostic Criteria
Treatment of DSPD
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Advanced Sleep Phase Type
Description and Diagnostic Criteria
Etiology/Pathophysiology
Sleep Disturbance in Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder
Treatment of Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Irregular Sleep–Wake Type
Introduction
Demographics and Prevalence
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Assessment
Treatment Options
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Non-24-h Sleep–Wake Disorder (Free-running Type, Nonentrained Type, Hypernychthemeral Syndrome) in Sighted and Blind Patients
Non-24-h Sleep–Wake Disorder in Sighted Patients
N24HSWD in Totally Blind Patients
See also
Further Reading
Jet Lag Type
Travel Fatigue Versus Jet Lag
The Body Clock and Jet Lag
Measurement of Jet Lag
Factors Affecting Jet Lag
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Shift Work Type
Associations and Consequences of CRSD
Health Consequences of Circadian Disruption
Overview
Circadian Rhythms
Shift Work and Health
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Fatigue and Sleepiness in Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Description
Sleepiness in CRSDs – Contributing Factors
Treatment of Sleepiness in CRSDs
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Individual and Societal Impact
Diagnosis of CRSD
History and Physical Examination
Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder
Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder
Free-Running Disorder
Irregular Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disorder
Jet Lag Disorder
Shift Work Disorder
Assessment of CRSDs
Assessment of Sleepiness
Assessment of Insomnia and Sleep
Assessment of Chronotype
Sleep Diaries
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Diagnostic Algorithm for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Treatment of CRSD
Light and Melatonin Treatment for Jet Lag Disorder
Circadian Timing System
Circadian Phase Shifting Responses to Bright Light
Circadian Phase Shifting Effects of Exogenous Melatonin
Treating Jet Lag with Bright Light and Melatonin
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Light and Melatonin Treatment for Shift Work
Shift Work: Description, Prevalence, and Safety Concerns
Adverse Effects of Shift Work
Light Treatment for Shift Workers
Melatonin Treatment for Shift Workers
Considerations and Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Adjunctive and Alternative Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues for CRSD
Circadian Rhythm Disorders: Does Sex Matter?
Introduction
Methodology
Sex Differences in Sleep–Wake Timing
Sex Differences in Circadian Phase
Sex Differences in Circadian Amplitude
Sex Differences in Circadian Period
Sex Differences in Light Sensitivity and Phase Angle of Entrainment
Significance of Sex Differences in the Circadian Timing System
Mechanisms Behind a Sex Difference in Circadian Regulation
Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Circadian Rhythms
Sex Differences in Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Impact of Shiftwork on Women’s Health
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders in Adolescents
Sleep Regulation
Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Age-Related Changes in Circadian Rhythms During Adulthood
Introduction
Age-Related Changes in Sleep Timing and Sleep Maintenance
Age-Related Changes in Circadian Regulation of the Sleep–Wake Cycle
Age-Related Changes in Circadian Entrainment
Molecular Mechanisms of Age-Related Changes in Circadian Rhythms
Concluding Remarks
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Medication Effects
Hypnotics
Stimulants
Melatonin Agonists
Lithium
Nonclinical Compounds
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Neurological and Medical Disorders
Neurological Disorders
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Endogenous and Exogenous Melatonin, the Sleep–Wake Cycle, and the Circadian Component of Affective Disorders
Introduction: The Phase Advance Hypothesis and the Phase Shift Hypothesis
Phase-Typing Using the Dim Light Melatonin Onset
Phase-Typing Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression
Successful Melatonin Treatment of Summer SAD: A Case Report
The Hawaiian Earring Model
Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Disorders Using Bright Light and Low-Dose Melatonin
Determination of Tau in Humans
Concluding Remarks
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Special Considerations and Future Directions in Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders Diagnosis
The Circadian System
Light and Circadian Rhythms
Regulation of Sleep–Wake Cycles
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Measurement of Circadian Rhythms in the Diagnosis of CRSD
See also
Further Reading
Disruption of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep: Role in Carcinogenesis
Introduction
Circadian Disruption and Cancer Risk
Circadian Disruption in Cancer Patients: Therapeutic Implications
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Legal Implications of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Sleep Related Breathing Disorders (SRBD)
Features, Factors, and Characteristics of SRBD
The History of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) from the Beginning of Mankind to the Nineteenth Century
SDB in the Twentieth Century
The Therapeutic Revolution for SDB
From the EEG 8 Channel Paper Graph to Miniature Polysomnographs – Developments in Diagnostic Options
Gaining Ground in the Public Interest: Epidemiologic Research in SDB
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Epidemiology
Introduction
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
Snoring
Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Special Populations
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Ontogeny of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Airway Anatomy in Infants and Children
Consequences of Pediatric OSA
Diagnostic and Treatment Paradigm
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Phylogeny and Animal Models
Introduction
Phylogeny Involved in Animal Research
Animal Models of SDB
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Upper Airway Pathology
Introduction
Tissue Changes Potentially Influencing Upper Airway Mechanics
Tissue Changes Potentially Affecting Upper Airway Neuromechanical Function
See also
Further Reading
Arousals
Arousal Phenomenon
Definitions of Arousal
Arousal Scoring Rules
Reliability of Scoring ASDA (AASM) Arousals and Night-to-Night Variability
Arousal Index
Significance of Arousals
Arousal and Daytime Sleepiness in OSA
Respiratory Arousal and Event Termination
Mechanisms of Respiratory Arousal
PLMS and Arousal
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Pathophysiology/Pathogenesis of OSA
Introduction
Airway Anatomy
Pharyngeal Muscle Function
Respiratory Control Stability
Arousal from Sleep
Lung Volume
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Introduction
Prevalence of OSA
Risk Factors for OSA
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Familial and Genetic Factors – Sleep Apnea
Familial Aggregation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Linkage Analysis
Intermediate Phenotypes
Candidate Gene Studies of OSA
Genome-Wide Association Studies
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Associations and Consequences of OSA
Descriptions of SRBD
Overview, Description, and Types of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Introduction
Terminology, Definitions, and Classification
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndromes
CSA Syndromes
Primary CSA (Idiopathic CSA)
Central Sleep Apnea Due to Cheyne–Stokes Respiration (CSA–CSR)
CSA Due to High Altitude Periodic Breathing
CSA Due to Drug or Substance
Primary Sleep Apnea of Infancy
Sleep-Related Hypoventilation Syndromes
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Primary Central Sleep Apnea
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Central Sleep Apnea Due to Cheyne–Stokes Breathing Pattern
Introduction
Pathogenesis of CSR
Adverse Consequences of CSR
Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Central Sleep Apnea due to a Medical Condition Not Cheyne–Stokes
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of the Control of Breathing
Medical Conditions that May Contribute to Central Sleep Apnea
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Central Sleep Apnea Due to Drug or Substance
Introduction
Scoring and Classification of Breathing Disturbances Associated with Chronic Opioids
Opioids and Control of Respiration (Basic Neurophysiology)
Effects of Opioids on Breathing (Clinical Studies)
Review of Clinical Data Concerning Opioids and SDB
Assessing Individual Risk and Indications for Polysomnography in Patients Receiving Chronic Opioids
Therapy of SDB Associated with Opioids
Summary Comments
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Snoring
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Primary Sleep Apnea in Infants
Incidence
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Special Considerations
Congenital Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome or Ondine’s Curse
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Pathogenesis/Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Assessment
Associations and Consequences of OSA
Treatment
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
History and Definition of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features of OSA
Physical Features Related to OSA
Risk Factors and Associated Conditions
Diagnosis of OSA in Children
Treatment of OSA in Children
Long-Term Clinical Consequences of OSA
Burden of Disease/Health Care Utilization
Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Complex Sleep Apnea
Introduction
Definitions
The Clinical Impact of Complex Apnea
Pathophysiology of Complex Sleep Apnea
The Problem of Identifying Complex Sleep Apnea
Is Complex Apnea a Trait or a State?
Occurrence and Persistence of Complex/Chemoreflex-Modulated Sleep Apnea
The Concept of a Dynamic Spectrum of Chemoreflex Influences on Sleep Respiration
An Important Destabilizing Role for Arousals
Treatment of Complex/Chemoreflex-Modulated Sleep Apnea
Integrating Management Options
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep-Related Idiopathic Nonobstructive Alveolar Hypoventilation
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Congenital Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome
Introduction
Genetics
Late-Onset Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep and Obstructive Lung Disease
Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Sleep-Related Hypoventilation and Hypoxemia Due to Neuromuscular and Chest Wall Disorders
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Prevalence
Specific Neuromuscular and Chest Wall Disorders
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD)
Associations and Consequences of SRBD
Morbidity and Mortality of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Cardiovascular Morbidity in OSA
OSA Progression to Heart Failure
Increased Prevalence of OSA in Stroke
COPD and OSA: the Overlap Syndrome
The Behavioral Morbidity of OSA
Type 2 Diabetes and End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Associations with OSA
Increased Risk of Motor Vehicle Accidents
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder (SRBD) – Attention and Vigilance
Introduction
Etiology and Mechanism
Clinical Findings
Sleep–Wake Physiology
EEG Effects
Neuroimaging Findings
Event-Related Potential Findings
Effects of Treatment
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Executive and Frontal Lobe Function
Executive Function Associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Mechanisms of the Neurocognitive Dysfunction in OSA
Neuroimaging Findings Associated with Executive Deficits in OSA
Reversibility of Executive Deficits after Treatment
Concluding Remarks
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease
Physiology
Hypertension
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Failure
Arrhythmia
Stroke
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sleep
Sleep and Cardiac Electrophysiology
Arrhythmia: Epidemiology and Public Health Impact
OSA: Pathophysiologic Consequences Potentially Leading to Arrhythmogenesis
OSA and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Epidemiologic and Clinical Perspectives
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Heart Failure
Introduction
Prevalence of SA in Consecutive Patients of HF, the Recent Studies
In Patients with HF, SA Is Occult, But Certain Risk Factors Help in Identifying Patients at High Risk of OSA and CSA
Mechanisms of SA in HF
Pathological Consequences of SA in HF
The Mechanisms and Consequences of Increased Sympathetic Activity in HF: The Role of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
OSA and CSA Are Independently Associated with Excess Mortality in Patients with HF
Treatment of SA in HF
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Cardiovascular Effects
Introduction
OSA and Prevalent Coronary Heart Disease
OSA and Incident Coronary Heart Disease
Mechanisms of the Cardiovascular Effects of OSA
Effect of CPAP Treatment on Cardiovascular Risk
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Hypertension
Arterial Hypertension
Sleep-Related CV Control
Sleep Disruption as a Cause of HTN
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Evidence Linking OSA to HTN
CV Complications of OSA
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Apnea and Stroke
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Sleep Apnea
OSA and Cerebrovascular Disease Association
Pathophysiology of Sleep Apnea and Cerebrovascular Disease
Short Sleep Duration and Metabolic Dysregulation
Snoring and Carotid Plaques
Sleep Apnea Treatment and Cerebrovascular Disease
Secondary Prophylaxis: Sleep Apnea Treatment
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Background
Definitions
OSA and Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Mechanisms of Altered Glucose Metabolism in OSA
Summary and Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Sleep and Obesity
Obesity – Definitions and the Scope of the Problem
Obesity and OSA
Sleep Debt/Deprivation, Interactions with OSA and Metabolic Dysregulation
Cardiovascular Consequences of Obesity
The Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
Weight Loss as a Treatment for OSA
See also
Further Reading
Mood and Behavior
Daytime Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Mood Problems in OSA
Behavioral Problems in Children with OSA
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleepiness
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Health-Related Quality of Life in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Introduction
HRQoL Measures in OSAS
HRQoL in Untreated OSAS
Predictors of HRQoL in OSAS
OSAS Therapy and HRQoL
Final Thoughts
See also
Further Reading
Individual and Socioeconomic Impact of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Introduction
Individual Consequences
Societal Consequences
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Commercial Transportation
Diagnosis of SRBD
History and Physical Examination – Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
History
Physical Examination – SRBDs
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Screening and Case Finding for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
What Is Screening and How Is It Different from Case Finding?
Current Tools for Screening and Case Finding for OSA
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Diagnostic Tools for Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders (SRBD)
Diagnostic Tools for OSAHS
Portable Monitoring
Daytime (Nonsleep) Measurement Tools for Diagnosis of OSAHS
Diagnosis of SDB in Children
CSA Syndrome/Cheyne–Stokes Respiration
Nocturnal Hypoventilation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Future Directions for Diagnosis Based on Physiological Phenotype
Limitations
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Diagnostic Algorithm for Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
History and Physical Examination
Subjective Assessment Tools
Objective Testing
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Polysomnography
Techniques
Scoring Polysomnography
Portable Polysomnogram
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Home Sleep Apnea Testing
Introduction
Terminology
History of Home Diagnosis of OSA
Classification of Technology
Recent Trends in Home Sleep Apnea Testing
Evidence for HSAT
Current Guidelines
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Upper Airway Imaging and Endoscopy
Treatment of SRBD
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Introduction
History
Indications for CPAP
Benefits of CPAP Therapy
Side Effects of CPAP Therapy
Contraindications to CPAP Therapy
CPAP Adherence
Future Directions and Challenges
See also
Further Reading
Bilevel Pressure
Introduction and Rationale
Bilevel Pressure
SRBD with Hypercapnia
Reimbursement Issues
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Autotitrating Positive Airway Pressure
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Adaptive Servoventilation in Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Background
VPAP-AdaptSV
BIPAP autoSV
BIPAP autoSV Advanced
SOMNOvent CR
Clinical Applications of ASV
Conclusions and Future Directions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Upper Airway Surgery in the Adult
Should Surgery Be Considered?
Physical Examination
Overview of Surgical Procedures
Perioperative Management
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Oral Appliances
Introduction
Types of Oral Devices and Design Issues
Mechanisms of Action
Titration Protocols
Efficacy and Effectiveness
Prediction of Treatment Outcome
Side Effects, Adherence, and Contraindications
Clinical Practice Guidelines
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Adjunctive and Alternative Therapies for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues of SRBD
Gender-Specific Differences in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Syndrome
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Symptom Presentation
Impact of OSA
Polysomnogram Features
Treatment of OSA
Pregnancy
Gender and Other Sleep Disordered Breathing Syndromes
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Pediatric Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Prevalence of Pediatric SDB
Definition of Pediatric SDB
Symptoms of Childhood SDB
Children at Risk for SDB
Consequences of Untreated SDB
Diagnosis of Childhood SDB
Treatment of Pediatric SDB
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in the Elderly
Introduction
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Medication Effects on Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Introduction
Hypnotics
Sodium Oxybate
Opioid Medications
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Other Respiratory Conditions and Disorders During Sleep
Introduction
Effects of Sleep on Respiration
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Nocturnal Asthma
Interstitial Lung Disease
See also
Further Reading
Impact of Medical and Other Sleep Disorders
Disorders Affecting Treatment Compliance
Other Medical Disorders and Treatment
Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders and Treatment
Sleep Disorders and Treatment
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Psychiatric Disorders
A Bidirectional Relationship
Treatment Effects
Potential Mechanisms
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Legal Aspects of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Sleep Related Movement Disorders (SRMD) and Parasomnias
Features, Factors, and Characteristics of SRMD
The Evolution of Diagnostic Rules and Standards for Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Restless Legs Syndrome
Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Sleep Bruxism
Hypnic Jerks (Sleep Starts)
Benign Sleep Myoclonus of Infancy
Propriospinal Myoclonus at Sleep Onset
Excessive Fragmentary Myoclonus
Nocturnal Leg Cramps
Hypnagogic Foot Tremor and Alternating Leg Muscle Activation
Drug-Related Movement Disorder During Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Epidemiology of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Epidemiology of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Restless Legs Syndrome
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
Sleep-Related Bruxism
Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Hypnagogic Foot Tremor
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Etiologies of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders (SRMD)
Restless Legs Syndrome
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Sleep-Related Bruxism
Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Familial and Genetic Factors of Restless Legs Syndrome
Descriptions of SRMD
Description of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Introduction
Physiological and Benign Sleep-Related Motor Manifestations
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Isolated Motor Symptoms, Apparently Normal Variants, and Unresolved Issues
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Introduction
Restless Legs Syndrome
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
Sleep-Related Bruxism
Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Onset, Clinical Course, and Ontogeny
Other SRMDs
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Definition and Diagnostic Criteria
Prevalence and Comorbidity
Prevalence of PLMS in Other Sleep Disorders
Pathophysiology
Genetics
Polysomnographic and Other Objective Findings
PLMD in Children and Adolescents
Management of PLMD
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
Nocturnal Leg Cramps
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Bruxism
Classification and Epidemiology of Sleep Bruxism
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Sleep Bruxism
Consequences of Sleep Bruxism
Assessment of Sleep Bruxism
Management of Sleep Bruxism
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Pathology and Pathophysiology
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Hypnagogic Foot Tremor (HFT)
Associations and Consequences of SRMD
Morbidity in the Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
RLS and Cardiovascular Disease
Obesity and RLS
RLS and Neurological Diseases
RLS and Erectile Dysfunction
RLS and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
RLS and Mood/Anxiety Disorders
RLS and Other Morbidities
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Mood, Behavior, and Sleepiness of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Introduction
Effects of RLS on Wellbeing
Effects of RLS on Patients’ Mental Health
Cognitive Effects of RLS
Treatment of RLS and Impact on Mood and Behavior
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders: Health-Related Quality of Life
Introduction
Restless Legs Syndrome
RLS and Sleep Quality
Impact of Treatment on QoL
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Bruxism
See also
Further Reading
Economic Impact, Associations, and Consequences of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Diagnosis of SRMD
Sleep-Related Movement Disorder: History and Physical Examination
Sleep History
Physical Examination
See also
Further Reading
Diagnostic Algorithm for Sleep-Related Movement Disorders (SRMDs)
Treatment of SRMD
Treatment of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Introduction
RLS and PLMD
Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
Sleep-Related Bruxism
Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Special Considerations for Treatment of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues of SRMD
Gender Differences in Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Restless Legs Syndrome
Periodic Limb Movements
Bruxism
Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders in Children
Approach to Sleep-Related Movement Disorder in Children
Restless Legs Syndrome
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Pathophysiology and Pathology of RLS and PLMS
Risk Factors for RLS
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation of RLS and PLMS
Management of RLS and PLMS
Consequences of RLS and PLMS
Prognosis
Sleep Bruxism
Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movements: Head Banging, Head Rolling, and Body Banging
Benign Sleep Myoclonus
Sleep Starts (Hypnic Jerks, Hypnagogic Jerks)
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Age-Related Changes in PLMS Characteristics of RLS Patients
RLS in the Elderly
Periodic Limb Movements Disorder in the Elderly
Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
Sleep-Related Bruxism in the Elderly
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Medication Effects and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep
Bruxism
REM Sleep Without Atonia
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Restless Legs Syndrome in Internal Medicine
Introduction
Hematological Disorders
RLS and Chronic Kidney Disease
RLS and Diabetes
RLS and Periodic Limb Movement in Rheumatic Diseases
RLS and PLM in Cardiovascular Disease
Gastrointestinal Disturbances
Pneumological Disturbances
Neoplastic Diseases
Thyroid Disorders
Pathophysiological Considerations and Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Psychiatric Disorders on Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Features, Factors, and Characteristics of Parasomnias
History – Features, Factors, and Characteristics of Parasomnias
Parasomnias in Ancient Times
Early Neuropsychiatric and Organic Theories Regarding Parasomnias
The Identification of Parasomnias during the Nineteenth Century
Alternative Approaches during the Romantic Period: Nocturnal Enuresis and Somnambulism
The Birth of Sleep Medicine and the Definitive Acknowledgement of Parasomnias
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Parasomnias
Parasomnias Are Most Common in Children
Risk Factors for NREM Arousal Parasomnias in Children
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Parasomnias in Young Adults
Parasomnias Which Most Often Occur in Wake–Sleep Transitions
Parasomnias During REM Sleep
Tidbits
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Ontogeny of Parasomnias
Ontogeny of Sleep-Related Motor Behaviors in Fetus and Premature Infants
Ontogeny of Motor Movements During Sleep Across the Lifespan
Ontogeny of Parasomnias Across Childhood
What Provokes Parasomnias in Children?
Parasomnias Common in Adults
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Pathogenesis and Etiologies
Disorders of Arousal (from NREM Sleep)
REM Parasomnias
Miscellaneous Parasomnias
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Familial and Genetic Factors
Descriptions of Parasomnias
Parasomnias in Children
Introduction
NREM Parasomnias
REM Sleep Parasomnias
Transitional Sleep Disorders
See also
Further Reading
Pathophysiology, Associations, and Consequences of Parasomnias
Introduction
Pathophysiology, Associations, and Consequences
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Classification of Parasomnias and Diagnostic Criteria
Classification Based on Sleep Stage
Disorders of Arousal (NREM)
Sleep Studies in Disorders of Arousal
REM-Related Parasomnias
Differential Diagnosis: Disorders of Arousal Versus REM-Related Parasomnias
Differential Diagnosis: Other Medical/Psychiatric Disorders
Common Diagnostic Classification Problems
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Confusional Arousals
History and Definition
Demographics and Prevalence
Clinical Features and Course
Triggering Factors
Comorbid Diseases
Differential Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Evaluation
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleepwalking
Description
Risk Factors
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Management
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Terrors
Description
Risk Factors
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Management
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Clinical Management and Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis
Demographics and Prevalence
Severity: Episodic Frequency and Intensity
Onset and Ontogeny
Neurophysiology
Subjective Associated Factors (Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations)
History and Nomenclature
Cross-Cultural Issues
Predisposing and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Nightmare Disorder
Introduction
Definition
Differentiating Nightmares from other Sleep-Related Anxiety Phenomena
Nightmare Disorder
Prevalence
Nightmares and Sleep Quality
Nightmare Frequency versus Nightmare Distress
Nightmares and Sleep Physiology
Etiology
Therapeutic Principles
Case Report: Adult
Case Report: Child
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep-Related Dissociative Disorders
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sleep Enuresis
Introduction
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment: Theoretical Considerations
Comorbidity and Consequences
Practical Guidelines
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Catathrenia: Sleep-Related Groaning
History and Nomenclature
Demography and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Diagnosis
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Exploding Head Syndrome
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Further Reading
Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
Normal Metabolic Physiology During Sleep
Definition of Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
Historical Background
Epidemiology
Clinical Characteristics
SRED and BRAs
SRED and Amnesia
The Relationship Between SRED and RLS
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Sexsomnia
Associations and Consequences of Parasomnias
Mood and Behavior
Introduction
Mood and Behavioral Changes as Part of the Clinical Manifestations of Parasomnias
Reactions of Patients Themselves to Their Parasomnia Experiences, and the Reactions (Including Misinterpretations) of Those Witnessing the Episodes
Effects of Sleep Disruption Caused by Parasomnias
Medication Effects
Consequences of Misdiagnosis and Mismanagement
Comorbidity with Other Sleep Disorders, Medical Conditions, or Psychiatric Illness of Which the Parasomnias are Symptomatic
See also
Further Reading
Health-Related Quality of Life
Diagnosis of Parasomnias
History and Physical Examination, Screening and Case Finding
History and Description
Physical Examination
Screening and Case Finding
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Value of Polysomnography and Other Diagnostic Tools to Diagnose and Treat Parasomnias
Indications for Video-PSG in Parasomnias
Technical Considerations When Evaluating Parasomnias Using Video-PSG
Diagnosing a Parasomnia with Video-PSG
Video-PSG is Required to Confirm RBD
Other Diagnostic Tests Used When Diagnosing Sleep Disorders in Patients with Parasomnias
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Diagnostic Algorithms for Parasomnias
Treatment of Parasomnias
Treatment of Parasomnias
Generalized Treatment Modalities Common to Parasomnias
Specific Treatment Modalities for Selected Parasomnias
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Special Consideration for the Treatment of Parasomnia
Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues of Parasomnias
Parasomnias of Childhood
Introduction
Epidemiology
Classification
Parasomnias of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Miscellaneous Parasomnias
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Effect of Medications and Substances on Parasomnias
Background
Sleepwalking and the Treatment of Psychiatric Patients
Lithium Carbonate and Sleepwalking
Benzodiazepines and Sleepwalking
Nonbenzodiazepines and Sleepwalking, Sleep Eating, and Sleepsex
Other Substances
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Impact of Medical and Neurological Disorders on Parasomnias
NREM Arousal Disorders More Common in Certain Medical or Neurological Disorders
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Often Heralds a Neurodegenerative Disease
Parasomnia Overlap Disorder
Sleep Bruxism
Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Parasomnia: Impact of Psychiatric Disorders
Introduction
Sleepwalking and Psychiatric Disorders
Sleep-Related Eating Disorder and Psychiatric Disorders
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Psychiatric Disorders
Nightmares and Psychiatric Disorders
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Legal Implications of Parasomnias
Sleep and Other Conditions or Disorders
Neurologic Disorders
Neurological Conditions and Sleep
Introduction
Parkinson’s Disease
Neuromuscular Disease
Stroke
Epilepsy
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Headache and Sleep
History and Nomenclature
Demographics and Prevalence
Onset, Ontogeny, and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Associative, Predisposing, and Precipitating Factors
Complications and Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Epilepsy and Sleep
Introduction and Definitions
Seizure Occurrence in Relation to the Sleep–Wake Cycle
Effect of Sleep on Interictal Epileptic Discharges
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Seizures and the EEG
Effects of AEDs on Sleep
Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Sleep and Wakefulness
Sleep Organization in Epilepsy
Sleep Complaints and Sleep Disorders in Epilepsy
Differentiating Nocturnal Seizures, Parasomnias, and other Nonepileptic Events
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Cerebrovascular Disorders and Sleep
Evidence that SDB is a Risk Factor for Stroke
Prevalence of Type of SDB Poststroke
Which Patients with Stroke are More Likely to Have Obstructive Apnea?
What Apnea Subtype Occurs Poststroke?
The Effect of SDB on Poststroke Functional Recovery and Prognosis
Mortality Poststroke is Related to Presence of SDB
How are Patients Able to Tolerate CPAP After Stroke?
Mechanisms Linking SDB and Stroke
Practical Tips
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Parkinson’s Disease and Sleep
History and Nomenclature
Diagnosis of PD
Basic Epidemiology and Clinical Course
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Insomnia and Insomnia Secondary to Motor Dysfunction in PD
Periodic Leg Movements of Sleep and Restless Legs Syndrome
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Excessive Daytime Somnolence
Approach to Sleep Disorders in PD
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
CNS Disease from Toxins, Alcohol, and Cannabis: Effects on Sleep
Introduction
Environmental Toxins and Sleep
Effect of Alcohol on Respiration During Sleep
Cannabis and Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Demyelinating Diseases and Sleep
Multiple Sclerosis
Insomnia
Restless Legs Syndrome
Periodic Limb Movement of Sleep
REM Behavior Disorder
Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Narcolepsy in MS
Circadian Rhythm Abnormalities
Effect of MS Medications on Sleep
Sleep and Fatigue
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
See also
Further Reading
Neurodegenerative Diseases and Sleep
Introduction
Sleep Disorders Preceding the Classic Symptoms of the Neurodegenerative Disorders
Sleep in Neurodegenerative Disorders
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Dementia and Sleep
Psychiatric Disorders
Overview of the Impact of Psychiatric Disorders on Sleep
Introduction
Psychiatric Disorders and Potential Sleep Effects
Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Schizophrenia
Substance Abuse Disorders
Psychotropic Medications and Sleep
Sleep Disturbance and Psychiatric Illness: Treatment Implications
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Mood Disorders and Sleep
Insomnia and Hypersomnia
Sleep Continuity Disturbances
Sleep Architecture Abnormalities
Sleep Microarchitecture
Overall Relationship Between Sleep and Depression
Clinical Correlates of Disturbed Sleep in Depression
Clinical Relevance of Sleep Architecture Findings
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Anxiety Disorders and Sleep
Demographics
Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Common Comorbidities
Complications and Consequences
Treatment
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Trauma Exposure and Sleep
PTSD and Sleep
Clinical Relevance of Sleep in PTSD and Other Trauma-Related Disorders
The Role of Sleep in PTSD Using Animal and Human Models
Treatments of Sleep Disturbances in PTSD
Psychological Treatments
Pharmacological Treatments
Future Directions: Translational Studies of Sleep in PTSD
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Schizophrenia, Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Sleep
Emotional Memory, Mood Disorders, and Sleep
Sleep and PTSD
Sleep and ADHD
Sleep and ASD
Bidirectional Relations Between Sleep and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Sleep and Schizophrenia
General Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Eating Disorders and Sleep
Introduction
Peptides Linking Food Consumption and Sleep
Primary Eating Disorders and Sleep
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Substance and Alcohol-Related Disorders and Sleep
Other Medical Conditions or Disorders
Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Sleep Length
Introduction
Sleep and Diabetes
Sleep and Obesity
Sleep and Cardiovascular Disease
Sleep and Depression
Sleep and Mortality
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Pain and Sleep
Introduction
Association of Pain and Disturbed Sleep
Sleep Deprivation, Specific Sleep Stage Deprivation, and Pain Sensitivity
Sleep Deprivation and Sleepiness
Sleep Loss, Cytokines, and Pain
Pharmacological and Behavioral Treatments of Sleep in Chronic Pain
Clinical Significance
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Fibromyalgia/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Sleep
Introduction
Fibromyalgia and Sleep
Poor Sleep May Lead to Pain
Pain May Lead to Poor Sleep
Improving Sleep May Improve Analgesia in FM
Potential Pathophysiology of FM and Sleep
Pharmacologic Treatment Approaches to FM and Poor Sleep
CFS and Sleep
Summary
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Visual Impairment and Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
The Role of Light in Circadian Entrainment
The Effect of Visual Impairment on Circadian Entrainment
The Effect of Light in the Blind
The Effect of Nonphotic Time Cues in the Blind
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Cancer and Sleep: Cancer is a Circadian Rhythm Disorder
Basic Science – Circadian Rhythm and Oncogenesis
Clinical Science – Sleep Dysfunction and Cancer
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Systemic and Pulmonary Hypertension and Sleep
Introduction
Systemic Influences of Sleep
Differences between Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
SHTN and Sleep
PHTN and Sleep
Conclusion
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Alterations in Gastrointestinal Functioning During Sleep: Clinical Applications
Introduction
Upper GI Functioning
Clinical Aspects of Sleep-Related GER
Sleep and Functional Bowel Disorders
Conclusions
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Infectious Diseases and Sleep
Introduction
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Epstein–Barr Virus
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Viral Respiratory Tract Infections
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Renal Disorders and Sleep
Impact of Kidney Failure on Sleep
Impact of Sleep on the Kidney
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Nocturia
Prevalence
Etiology
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatments
See also
Glossary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Index
Author Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 2736
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 2013
- Published: January 3, 2013
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardcover ISBN: 9780123786104
About the Editor in Chief
Clete Kushida
