Empirical Metallogeny

Preface and AcknowledgmentsAbbreviations, ExplanationsChapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Empiricism, Science and Metalliferous Geology 1.2. Some Problems of Presentation, Organization and Style in Metallogenic WritingChapter 2. Depositional Environments and Lithologic Associations 2.1. General 2.2. Ores and Host Associations: Parallel to Non-Parallel Depositional Histories, Multistage Ores and Interaction Metallogeny 2.3. Framework of Organization Rapid Chapters IndexChapter 3. The World Ocean 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Seawater as a Metal Source 3.3. Metals in Marine OrganismsChapter 4. Oceans: the Regions Underlain by Oceanic Crust 4.1. General 4.2. Oceanic Spreading Ridges and Fracture Zones 4.3. Deep Ocean Floor Ferromanganese Nodules 4.4. Oceanic IslandsChapter 5. Continental Margins 5.1. Pacific-Type (Consuming, Active, Subductive ) Continental Margins Pacific-Type Margins Ore Setting (Figure) Hot Springs Submarine-Hydrothermal Systems 5.2. Atlantic-Type Continental Margins Atlantic-Type Margins Ore Setting (Figure) Beaches and Beach Placers Offshore PlacersChapter 6. Orogenic Belts 6.1. General Orogenic Belts Sections 6.2. Supracrustal Lithologic Associations of Orogenic Belts 6.3. Intracrustal Rocks and Supracrustal/Intracrustal Interactions 6.4. General Problems of Mineralization in Orogenic Belts Metallogenic Cycle (Figure) 6.5. Trace Metals and Ore Evolution 6.6. Mineralization Styles Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide ModelChapter 7. Ophiolite Association 7.1. General 7.2. Origin and Emplacement of Ophiolites 7.3. Tectonic Setting and Distribution of Ophiolites 7.4. Metal Geochemistry and Metallogeny 7.5. "Alpine-Type" Ultramafic Tectonites Ophiolite Mineralization Styles (Figure) 7.6. Differentiated Gabbro-Ultramafic Constructional Piles 7.7. Sheeted Diabase Dikes 7.8. Transition between Meta-Ophiolites and Bushveld-Style Complexes 7.9. Volcanics and Interbedded Sediments on Top of Ophiolite Complexes 7.10. Mineralizations Due to Interaction of Ophiolites within the Continental Crust Ore Laterites, Saprolites 7.11. Examples of Mineralized Ophiolite ProvincesChapter 8. Melanges, Suture Zones, Blueschist Metamorphic Belts and Serpentinite Filled Faults 8.1. General 8.2. Metallogeny and Mineralization 8.3. Melange/Thermal Springs Interaction 8.4. Melange/Granitic Intrusions Interaction 8.5. Mineralizations Generated by Weathering and by Sedimentogenic Reworking of Melanges 8.6. Mineralizations in and Adjacent to Serpentinite-Filled FaultsChapter 9. Zoned Mafic/Ultramafic Complexes in Phanerozoic Orogenic Belts (Alaska or Ural "Type") 9.1. General 9.2. Metallic MineralizationsChapter 10. Unimodal Mafic Volcanic-Sedimentary Association 10.1. Introduction 10.2a. Massive Basalts (Gabbros), Absent or Minor Sediments, "Oceanic" Affiliation 10.2b. Massive Tholeiitic Basalt Flows, Arc Affiliation 10.3. Massive Submarine Basalts, Shale, Graywacke, Chert, Limestone Association 10.4. Greenstone, Phyllite (Or Schist), Meta-Arenite, Chert and Carbonate AssociationChapter 11. Unimodal Felsic Volcanic-Sedimentary Association 11.1. General 11.2. Felsic Meta-Volcanics, Black Phyllite (Schist), Carbonate Association: Fe(Mn) Aspect 11.3. Mn Aspect 11.4. Massive Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu Sulphide Aspect 11.5. Cu Aspect 11.6. U-Th Aspect 11.7. Post-Depositional Modification of Massive Sulphides and Interaction MineralizationChapter 12. Bimodal (Mafic-Felsic) Volcanic-Sedimentary Association 12.1. General 12.2. Fe (Mn) Aspect Bimodal Mineralization Styles (Figure) 12.3. Mn Aspect 12.4. Transitional Fe, Mn-Zn, Pb, Barite, Cu Aspect 12.5. Au (Ag) Aspect 12.6. Massive Fe,Cu,Zn (Pb) Sulphide Aspect 12.7. Transitional and Interaction MineralizationsChapter 13. Andesite-Dominated, Marine to Continental Volcanic-Sedimentary Association 13.1. General 13.2. Economic Importance and Metallogeny Mineralization Styles (Figure) 13.3. Cu Aspect 13.4. Mn Aspect 13.6. Au Aspect 13.7. Transitions and InteractionsChapter 14. Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite Sequentially-Differentiated Marine to Continental Volcanic-Sedimentary Association (Bar) 14.1. General 14.2. Economic Importance and Metallogeny 14.3. Massive (Fe), Zn, Pb (Cu) Sulphides Aspect Mineralization Styles (Figure) 14.4. Gold and Silver Deposits 14.5. Hg Aspect 14.6. Mn Aspect 14.7. Fe Aspect 14.8. Transitions and InteractionsChapter 15. Pelagic SedimentsChapter 16. Deeper-Marine, Sandstone-Shale Association: "Flysch Facies" 16.1. General 16.2. Trace Metal Geochemistry and Mineralization Mineralization Styles (Figure) 16.3. Volcanic-Terrigenous Flysch 16.4. Cleaved/Metamorphosed Volcanic-Terrigenous Flysch: Slate and Schist Association 16.5. Fe (Mn) Aspect 16.6. Massive Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb Sulphide Aspect 16.7. Hg (Sb) Aspect 16.8. Interaction Mineralization in Deformed and Metamorphosed Volcanic-Terrigenous Flysch, Intruded by Granitic Rocks 16.6. Massive, Unmetamorphosed Terrigenous Flysch 16.7. Gold-Bearing "Slate Belts" of "Flyschoid" Character 16.8. Terrigenous Flysch in Plutonic Tin ProvincesChapter 17. Deeper Marine Argillite (Slate, Schist)-Lesser Chert, Carbonate, Arenite Association ("Black" Sediments Emphasis) 17.1. General 17.2. Trace Metal Geochemistry and Metallogeny 17.3. Fe Aspect Mineralization Styles (Figure) 17.4. Mn Aspect 17.5. Zn-Pb(Cu) Aspect: Dominantly Stratabound Massive and Barite Deposits 17.6. Zn-Pb (Barite) Aspect: Interaction of the "Black Slate" Association with Tectonism and Magmatism 17.7. Ag Aspect 17.8. Au Aspect 17.9. Phosphate, Black Argillite and Chert Association: V, Mo, U Aspect 17.10. W, Sb, Hg AspectChapter 18. Continental Platforms 18.1. General 18.2. Brief Geology and Lithologic Associations of Platforms 18.3. Metallogeny of Platforms 18.4. Regional Examples Mineralization Styles of Platforms (Figure)Chapter 19. Shallow-Marine Detrital Sedimentary Association of Orogenic Belts and Platforms 19.1. Introduction 19.2. The Structural/Geotectonic Types of Shallow Marine "Basins" 19.3. Trace Metal Geochemistry and Mineralization Mineralization Styles (Figure) 19.4. Marine Conglomerate-Sandstone Association, Containing Resistate Paleoplacers 19.5. Mudrock, Arenite, Minor Carbonate Association 19.6. Phyllite (Schist)-Quartzite Association 19.7. Interaction and "Special Association" Metallogeneses Involving Shallow Marine (Meta)Shale, Sandstone, Minor Limestone Association Bolivian Tin Province 19.8. Marine Detrital, Minor Carbonate-Evaporite Association, Overlying Continental "Red-Beds"Chapter 20. Shallow-Marine Carbonates 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Carbonate Lithofacies 20.3. Trace Metal Geochemistry and Mineralization 20.4. Monotonous Carbonate, Minor Shale Terrains: Syngeneticdiagenetic Mineralizations Shallow Marine Carbonates, Miner. Styles (Figure) 20.5. Pure Carbonates, Evidence of Subaerial Exposure (Unconformities, Karsting), Residual or Physically Deposited Ores 20.6. Carbonate, Lesser Shale, Evaporite Association Transgressive over Red-Beds or Crystalline Basement 20.7. Carbonate-Hosted Zn-Pb Deposits, an Introduction Mineralization Styles, MVT and APT 20.8. Carbonate, Lesser Shale, Sandstone Association of Platforms and Stable Blocks MVT-APT Deposits, Empirical Characteristics (Fig.) 20.9. Transitional Carbonate, Distal Volcanism, Faulting Association: Zn, Pb, Cu Aspect 20.10. Strongly Faulted Segments of Platformic Carbonates: Vein and Replacement Fluorite, Barite and Zn-Pb Sulphides 20.9. Shallow-Marine Carbonate, Minor Shale, Arenite, etc. Association of Mobile Belts (Folded, Thrusted, Faulted) 20.10. Interaction Metallogeny of Shallow-Marine CarbonatesChapter 21. Marine Evaporites 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Evaporites in the Red-Beds - Gray Beds Facies Transition Mineralization Styles (Figure) 21.3. Bedded Gypsum or Anhydrite Bodies (Red-Beds are Missing or Not Strongly Developed) 21.4. Sedimentary versus Alteration Gypsum or Anhydrite and Associated Metallic Deposits 21.5. Saline Giants 21.6. Salt Domes, Diapirs and AnticlinesChapter 22. Petroleum, Natural Gas, Solid Bitumens 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Natural Gas 22.3. Liquid Petroleum 22.4. Oilfield Waters 22.5. Solid and Semi-Solid Hydrocarbons 22.6. Interaction Mineralization: Bitumens/Igneous IntrusionsChapter 23. Weathering, Soil Profiles, Karst 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Humid Boreal and Temperate Climates: Weathering and Soil Profiles 23.3. Humid Tropical Climates, Weathering and Soil Profiles Weathering Profile (Figure) 23.4. Ancient, Buried Weathering Profiles (Now Located at or below an Unconformity) 23.5. Weathering and Soil Profiles in Arid Climates and the Problem of Duricrusts 23.6. Carbonate Karst Karst, Mineralization Styles (Figure)Chapter 24. Recent Continental Sedimentary Environments and Cainozoic Unconsolidated Continental Sediments 24.1. Glacial Environments and Deposits 24.2. Alluvial Environments and Unconsolidated Cainozoic Alluvial Sediments Ore Setting, Meandering Stream 24.3. Lakes, Bogs, Swamps and Late Cainozoic Unconsolidated Lacustrine and Paludal Sediments Playas, Mineralization Styles (Figure) 24.4. Desert Environment 24.5. Travertine and Springs PrecipitatesChapter 25. Pre-Quaternary Continental Sedimentary Association 25.1. Introduction 25.2. Most Normal (Gray, Epiclastic) Continental Detrital Association 25.3. Detrital (Redeposited) Bauxite in Continental Sediments 25.4. Coal Association Mineralization Styles in Coal (Figure) 25.5. Diamictite (Paraconglomerate)-Featuring Association 25.6. Laminated Mudstone, Carbonate, Evaporite (Paleolacustrine) Association 25.7. Transitional Detrital Association, Dominated by Uranium and Vanadium Ores in Sandstones (SUV) Mineralization Styles (Figure) 25.8. Red and Varicolored Beds Association 25.9. "Volcanic Red-Beds": Continental Sediments Intimately Associated with Contemporary Volcanics 25.10. Continental Carbonates and Siliceous SedimentsChapter 26. Continental, Pre-Quaternary, Calc-Alkaline Volcanic and Subvolcanic Association 26.1. Introduction 26.2. Geotectonic Setting, Development, and Petrochemical Affiliation 26.3. Geology and Lithology 26.4. Mineralization Styles and Metallogeny Mineralization Styles (Figure) 26.5. Epithermal Deposits 26.6. Mineralized Example RegionsChapter 27. Intracrustal and Subcrustal Environments (Introduction to Chapters 28-32)Chapter 28. Plutonic Granite, Diorite, (Gabbro) Association (GDG) and Its Aureole 28.1. Introduction 28.2. Petrography, Origin and Setting of GDG Plutonic Rocks 28.2. Introduction to GDG Metallogeny 28.4. Mineralization Styles Associated with Phanerozoic (Higher-Level) GDG Association Mineralization Styles in "Granites" (Figure) Skarn Model (Figure) 28.5. "Porphyry" (Stockwork, Disseminated) Cu-Mo Deposits Porphyry Copper Models Porphyry Copper Alterations (Figure) Hypogene Zoning Patterns (Figure) Supergene Vertical Zoning (Figure) 28.6. Copper Skarns and Carbonate Replacements 28.7. Copper Veins 28.8. Sn (W, Bi, Mo, Be, Ta-Nb) Mineralizations Associated with Granite Plutons Sn, etc., Granite Associated Ores (Figure) Mineralized Granite Cupolas (Figure) 28.9. Tungsten (Wolframite and Scheelite) Veins, Stockworks and Disseminations in Non-Carbonate Rocks in Granite Aureoles 28.10. Scheelite Skarns Scheelite Skarn Setting (Figure) 28.10. Stockwork Molybdenite Deposits 28.11. Molybdenite (Wulfenite) Veins and Small Pipes 28.12. Molybdenum Skarns 28.13. Postmagmatic Be Deposits Be Mineralization Styles (Figure) Be Ore Styles in Granite Cupola (Figure) 28.14. Pb-Zn(Ag) Deposits in "Granite" Aureoles 28.15. Hydrothermal-Plutonic Silver Deposits 28.16. The Ni, Co, Bi, Ag, U Association 28.17. Gold Deposits 28.18. Hydrothermal Iron Ores (Except Skarns) 28.19. Magnetite Skarn and Replacement Deposits 28.19. Manganese Deposits 28.20. Uranium Deposits U Mineralization Styles Near Granites (Figure) 28.21. Antimony Deposits 28.22. Mercury Deposits 28.23. Bismuth Deposits 28.24. Arsenic Deposits 28.25. Minor Metals and Metalloids: Se, Te, Tl, In, Ge, Ga, Cd 28.26. Summary Graphs of Ore Distribution Patterns Granite-Associated Ores and Alterations (Figure) Granite-Associated Ores and Host LithologyChapter 29. High-to Medium-Grade Metamorphosed Terrains, Katazonal Granites, Pegmatites 29.1. Introduction 29.2. Petrography, Origin and Setting of High-Grade Metamorphic Terrains 29.3. Trace Metal Geochemistry and Ore Genesis 29.4. Mineralization Styles in Metamorphosed Non-Carbonate Supracrustals (Schists, Gneisses) 29.5. Mineralization Styles in Metacarbonates 29.6. Mineralization Styles in and Related to the Zone of Ultrametamorphism and Granitization Mantled Granite Gneiss Domes, Ores (Figure) 29.7. Granitic Pegmatites 29.8. Retrograde Metamorphics, Mylonites, CataclasitesChapter 30. Continental Fragmentation, Rifts and Paleo-Rifts 30.1. Introduction 30.2. Stages of Rifting and Recent Examples Mineralization Styles in Rifts (Figure) Stages of Rifting (Figure) 30.3. Examples of Modern Rift and Taphrogenic Systems 30.4. Exposed Paleorifts 30.5. Assymetrical Portions of Paleorifts Preserved under "Atlantic-Type" Continental Margins; Paleorifts with Shelves Covered by Young Sediments 30.6. Hypothetical, Metamorphosed PaleoriftsChapter 31. Continental Plateau Basalt and Bimodal Volcanic Association 31.1. Introduction 31.2. Geotectonic Setting and Origin 31.3. Ore Distribution and Economic Importance 31.4. Major Associations and Their Metallic Ores 31.5. Examples of Plateau Basalt ProvincesChapter 32. Diabase, Gabbro and Similar Dikes and Sills 32.1. Introduction 32.2. Metallogeny and Ores Associated with Diabase Dikes and Sills Mineralization Styles (Figure)Chapter 33. Alkaline Igneous Association 33.1. Introduction 33.2. Dominantly Volcanic Alkaline Provinces and Occurrences Mineralization Styles in Alkaline Volcanics (Fig.) 33.3. Peralkaline Granite-Rhyolite Association Ores in Peralkaline Granites (Figure) 33.4. Feldspar Syenite-Trachyte Transitional Association 33.5. Nepheline Syenite and Alkaline Gabbro-Dominated Intrusive Complexes Mineralization Styles, Nepheline Syenite Complexes 33.6. Alkaline Ultramafic Association Mineralization Styles, Alkaline Ultramafics (Fig.) 33.7. Potassic Alkaline Rocks 33.8. Carbonatites Carbonatite Depth Levels (Figure) Carbonatite Mineralization Styles 33.9. Kimberlites and Kimberlitic Diatremes 33.10. Mineralizations Linked to Subtle and Questionable Alkaline Intrusive ParentsReferencesGeneral IndexLocality Index Utilitarian Organization of Metallic Deposits (Fig.)Genetic Indices A. Utilitarian Organization of Metallic Deposits B. Some Popular "Ore Types"Metals Index