Electrical Interactions in Molecular Biophysics

Preface

Acknowledgment


1 Biochemistry

Introduction

Bioelements

General Biochemistry

Proteins

pH and Ionization of Amino Acids

Protein Structure

Nucleic Acids

Summary

General References

References


2 Electrostatics

Introduction

Coulomb's Law

Units

Vectors and Scalars

Electric Field

Gauss' s Law

Electric Potential

Relation between Electric Potential and Field

The Potential of a Point Charge

Electric Potential Energy

Summary

References


3 Dipoles and Dielectric Constants

Introduction

Dipoles

Electric Field of a Dipole

Dipole in an Electric Field

Dipole in a Nonuniform Field

General Dipole

Quadruple

Dielectric Constant

Dielectrics and Capacitors

Dielectric Constant and Temperature

Dielectric Constant and Distance of Separation

Dielectric Constant and Salt Concentration

Dielectric Constant and Frequency

Summary

References


4 Dipole Moments of Biological Macromolecules

Introduction

Polarizability

Polarization Vector

Boltzmann's Distribution

Exponential Atmosphere

Statistical Alignment of Freely Rotating Permanent Dipoles

The Average

The Average Component of the Dipole in the Direction of the Field

Polarizability and Dielectric Constant—The Lorentz Field

Dielectric Increment

Dielectric Dispersion

Experimental Results

Interpretive Difficulties

Measurement of Dielectric Constant

Summary

References


5 Types of Molecular Interactions

Introduction

Charge-Charge Interaction

Charge-Dipole Interaction

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

The Hydrogen Bond

Alpha or Beta

Induction Energy

Charge-Induced Dipole Interaction

Dipole-Induced Dipole Interaction

Short-Range Repulsive Interactions

Further Examples

Summary

References


6 Van der Waals Forces

Introduction

Real Gases

Mechanism of VDW Forces

Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Membranes

Micelles

Biological Membranes

Enzyme-Substrate Interactions

DNA

Extension of Theory

Lifshitz Theory

Experimental Verifications

Summary

References


7 Debye-Hückel Theory

Introduction

Density of Counterions

Ionic Strength

Poisson Equation

Mathematical Solution

Debye Length

Salting Out

Energy of the System

Another Biological Implication of the Debye-Hückel Theory

Electrical Interactions between Two Ions

Weaknesses of the Debye-Hückel Theory

Summary

References


8 Water

Introduction

Electron Orbitals of Carbon

Electron Orbitals of Oxygen

Water as a Molecule

Ice

Liquid Water

Hydration

Water and Biomolecules

Summary

References


9 Experimental Electrical Techniques

Introduction

Electrophoresis

Electrophoretic Mobility

Microscopic Electrophoressis

Moving Boundary Electrophoressis

Zone Electrophoressis

Disk Gel Electrophoressis

SDS Gel Electrophoressis

Dielectrophoresis

Ion Exchange Chromatography

Isoelectric Precipitation

Isoelectric Focusing

Electrophoretic Light Scattering

Alignment in an Electric Field

Sedimentation Velocity

Summary

References

Appendix A Vector Analysis

Appendix B Useful Constants and Conversion Factors

Index