Determination of Organic Structures by Physical Methods

Preface

List of Contributors

Part I. The Determination of Molecular Size


1. Phase Properties of Small Molecules


1.1. Introduction


1.2. Melting Points


1.3. Boiling Points


1.4. Molar Volume


1.5. Parachor

References


2. Equilibrium and Dynamic Properties of Large Molecules


2.1. Introduction


2.2. Osmotic Pressure


2.3. Sedimentation Equilibrium


2.4. Sedimentation Velocity


2.5. Diffusion


2.6. Viscosity


2.7. Comparison of Results Obtained by Different Methods

References

Part II. The Determination of Molecular Pattern


3. Optical Rotation


3.1. Introduction


3.2. Conventions


3.3. Experimental Methods


3.4. Principles of Optical Rotation


3.5. Simple Acyclic Compounds


3.6. Carbohydrates


3.7. Steroids


3.8. Triterpenoids


3.9. Diterpenoids


3.10. Other Groups of Compounds

References


4. Ultraviolet and Visible Light Absorption


4.1. Introduction


4.2. Fundamental Concepts and Symbols


4.3. Experimental Methods and Evaluation of Data


4.4. Survey of Data


4.5. General Applications to Structural Analysis


4.6. Special Applications

References


5. Infrared Light Absorption


5.1. Introduction


5.2. Experimental Methods


5.3. General Applications


5.4. Applications to the Study of Macromolecules

References


6. Raman Spectra


6.1. Introduction


6.2. Experimental Methods


6.3. Survey of Data


6.4. Applications to the Determination of Structure


6.5. Determination of Thermodynamic Properties


6.6. Conclusion

References


7. Magnetic Susceptibilities


7.1. The Theory of Magnetic Susceptibility


7.2. Applications to the Study of Organic Compounds. Static Fields


7.3. Applications to the Study of Organic Compounds. Alternating Fields

References

Part III. The Determination of Molecular Fine-Structure


8. Surface Films


8.1. Introduction


8.2. The Technique of Surface Film Measurements


8.3. The Relation Between the Structure of Organic Molecules and the Mechanical Properties of Their Surface Films


8.4. The Relation Between the Structure of Organic Molecules and the Surface Potentials of Their Monolayers


8.5. Applications to the Determination of Structure

References


9. Dipole Moments


9.1. Introduction


9.2. The Theory and Practice of Measuring Electric Dipole Moments


9.3. Applications of Electric Dipole Moments to Simple Stereochemical Problems


9.4. Electric Dipole Moments and Electron Distribution


9.5. Applications of Electrical Dipole Moments to Complex Stereochemical Problems


9.6. Electric Dipole Moments and Molecular Interactions


9.7. Concluding Remarks

References


10. Electron Diffraction


10.1. Introduction


10.2. Instrumentation


10.3. The Theory of Electron Diffraction


10.4. The Analysis of Electron Diffraction Patterns


10.5. Applications to Organic Compounds

References


11. X-Ray Diffraction


11.1. Principles of X-Ray Diffraction


11.2. The Phase Problem


11.3. Quantitative Measurements of Bond Lengths and Valency Angles in Known Structures


11.4. Applications to Unknown and Partially Unknown Structures


11.5. Intermolecular Interactions

References


12. Microwave Spectroscopy


12.1. Introduction


12.2. Principles of Rotational Spectra


12.3. Experimental Methods


12.4. Applications to the Determination of Structure


12.5. Individual Molecules

References


13. Thermodynamic Properties


13.1. Introduction


13.2. Thermodynamic Functions


13.3. Determination of Structure from Heat Capacity and Entropy


13.4. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons


13.5. Alicyclic Hydrocarbons


13.6. Functional Derivatives


13.7. Determination of Structure from Heats of Formation. Bond Energies and Resonance Energies

References


14. Dissociation Constants


14.1. Introduction


14.2. The Strengths of Protonic Acids and Bases


14.3. The Dissociation of Molecular Addition Compounds


14.4. The Application of Dissociation Constants to the Determination of the Structures of Natural Products and Related Compounds

References


15. Reaction Kinetics


15.1. Introduction


15.2. Principles of Reaction Kinetics


15.3. Determination of Electron Distribution


15.4. The Detection and Distinction of Structural Units


15.5. Determination of Stereochemical Configuration and Conformation


15.6. Investigation of Unstable Intermediates


15.7. Investigation of Inter- and Intra-Molecular Complexes

References


16. Wave-Mechanical Theory


16.1. Introduction


16.2. Types of Bonds


16.3. Valence-Bond Treatment of Aromatic Systems


16.4. The Molecular-Orbital Method

References

Author Index

Subject Index