Computer Techniques for Image Processing in Electron Microscopy

Contents

Foreword

Preface


1. Image Formation Theory


1.1 Electron Optics


1.2 Beam-Specimen Interaction


1.3 Linear Imaging


1.4 Nonlinear Imaging


1.5 Image Analysis and Object Reconstruction


1.6 Resolution, Contrast, Noise, and Radiation Damage


2. The Discrete Fourier Transform


2.1 Definition and Fundamental Properties


2.2 Approximation of Integral Transforms


2.3 Multidimensional Forms


3. Analytic Images


3.1 Complex Zeros


3.2 Zero Flipping


3.3 Periodic Images


3.4 Two-Dimensional Forms


3.5 The One-Sided Diffraction Plane Constraint


3.6 Logarithmic Hubert Transforms


3.7 The Realizability of the One-Sided Constraint


3.8 Logarithmic Hubert Transforms in Dark-Field Conditions


4. The Image and Diffraction Plane Problem: Uniqueness


4.1 Statement of the Problem


4.2 Data Constraints and Trivial Uniqueness Failures


4.3 An Important Failure of Uniqueness


4.4 The Continuous Aperiodic Problem


4.5 The Periodic and Discrete Problems


4.6 Summary


5. The Image and Diffraction Plane Problem: Numerical Methods


5.1 Direct Methods


5.2 Steepest Descent Methods


5.3 The Iterative Transform Method

Appendix A5


6. The Image and Diffraction Plane Problem: Computational Trials


6.1 Real Problems and Mathematical Models


6.2 The Steepest Descent Method


6.3 The Iterative Fourier Transform Method


6.4 The Matrix Inversion Method


7. Alternative Data for the Phase Determination


7.1 Defocus Pairs


7.2 Bright-Field/Dark-Field Diffraction Pattern Sets


7.3 Further Possible Data


7.4 An Assessment of Phase Determination


8. The Hardware of Digital Image Handling


8.1 Optical or Digital Manipulation?


8.2 Digitization and Regeneration


8.3 Processors, Representation, and Storage


9. Basic Software for Digital Image Handling


9.1 A Processing System


9.2 Input, Output, and Data Selection


9.3 Transformation


9.4 Correlation and Lateral Alignment


9.5 Alignment in Orientation and Magnification


9.6 Averaging Repeated Structures


9.7 Object Reconstruction


10. Improc


10.1 The Objectives and Environment


10.2 The Implementation Technique


10.3 The Language Structure


10.4 Specimen Programs


10.5 The Improc Macro Definitions


10.6 Recent Extensions

Appendix A10

References

Index