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Coastal Acoustic Tomography
- 1st Edition - February 5, 2020
- Authors: Arata Kaneko, Xiao-Hua Zhu, Ju Lin
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 5 0 7 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 9 4 2 - 9
Coastal Acoustic Tomography begins with the specifics required for designing a Coastal Acoustic Tomography (CAT) experiment and operating the CAT system in coastal seas. Following… Read more
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Request a sales quoteCoastal Acoustic Tomography begins with the specifics required for designing a Coastal Acoustic Tomography (CAT) experiment and operating the CAT system in coastal seas. Following sections discuss the procedure for data analyses and various application examples of CAT to coastal/shallow seas (obtained in various locations). These sections are broken down into four kinds of methods: horizontal-slice inversion, vertical-slice inversion, modal expansion method and data assimilation. This book emphasizes how dynamic phenomena occurring in coastal/shallow seas can be analyzed using the standard method of inversion and data assimilation.
The book is relevant for physical oceanographers, ocean environmentalists and ocean dynamists, focusing on the event being observed rather than the intrinsic details of observational processes. Application examples of successful dynamic phenomena measured by coastal acoustic tomography are also included.
- Provides the information needed for researchers and graduate students in physical oceanography, ocean-fluid dynamics and ocean environments to apply Ocean Acoustic Tomography (OAT) to their own fields
- Presents the benefits of using acoustic tomography, including less disturbance to aquatic environments vs. other monitoring methods
- Includes the assimilation of CAT data into a coastal sea circulation model, a powerful tool to predict coastal-sea environmental changes
Physical oceanographers, ocean environmentalists, dynamists and engineers
CHAPTER 1 Fundamental Knowledge
1.1 Ocean Acoustic Tomography
1.1.1 Break Corner (Projected Rays on a Horizontal Slice)
1.2 Advancement by Coastal Acoustic Tomography
1.3 Coastal-Sea Environmental Monitoring
1.4 Coastal-Sea Sound Propagation
CHAPTER 2 Instrumentation
2.1 System Design
2.2 Field Deployment Methods
2.2.1 Nearshore Platforms
2.2.2 Necessity for Permanent Platform
2.3 Transmit Signals
2.4 Cross-Correlating the Received Data
CHAPTER 3 Sound Transmission and Reception
3.1 One-Dimensional Sound Wave Equation
3.2 Sound Transmission Losses
3.2.1 Spreading Losses
3.2.2 Absorption Losses
3.2.3 Bottom Losses
3.2.4 Surface Losses
3.2.5 Receiving Transmission Sound
3.3 Processing the Received Data
3.3.1 Ensemble Average
3.3.2 Arrival Peaks Identification
3.3.3 Processing the Noisy Received Data
3.3.4 Multi_Arrival Peak Method
CHAPTER 4 Range-Average Measurement
4.1 Vertical Section Averages
4.2 Resolution and Errors
4.3 Position Correction
4.4 Clock Correction
4.5 Conversing From One-Line Current to Along-Channel Current
4.6 Conversing From Two-Line Current to North_East Current
v
4.7 Along-Strait Volume Transport and Energy Estimate
4.8 Conversing From Sound Speed to Temperature and Salinity
4.9 Travel-Time Errors Due to the Station Movements
4.10 Errors From the Time Resolution of M Sequence
CHAPTER 5 Forward Formulation
5.1 Sound Wave Equation With a Velocity Field
5.2 Ray Simulation
5.3 Modal Simulation
5.4 Time-of-Flight Equation Along the Rays
CHAPTER 6 Inversion on a Horizontal Slice
6.1 Grid Method
6.2 Function Expansion Method
6.3 Adding the Coastline Conditions
6.4 Validating the Observed Data
6.4.1 Comparing the Pre- and Postinversion Results
6.4.2 Energy Balance
6.4.3 Direct Comparison With the Standard Oceanographic Data
CHAPTER 7 Inversion on a Vertical Slice
7.1 Ray Method
7.1.1 Layered Inversion
7.1.2 Layered Inversion Deleting Clock Errors
7.1.3 Explicit Solution
7.2 Acoustic Normal Modes With a Constraint of Narrowband Sound
7.3 Function Expansion Using Various Normal Modes
7.4 The Three-Dimensional Mapping
CHAPTER 8 Data Assimilation
8.1 Conventional Ensemble Kalman Filter
8.1.1 Introductory Remarks
8.1.2 Ensemble Kalman Filter Scheme
8.1.3 Innovation Vector
8.1.4 External Forcing
8.1.5 Kalman Gain Smoother
8.2 Time-Efficient Ensemble Kalman Filter
8.2.1 Time-Invariant Model Error Covariance
8.2.2 Assimilation Scheme for Coastal Acoustic Tomography Data
CHAPTER 9 Applications for Horizontal-Slice Inversion
9.1 Nekoseto Channel
9.1.1 Oceanographic State
vi Contents
9.1.2 Experiment and Methods
9.1.3 Differential Travel Times
9.1.4 Inversion
9.1.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
9.2 Tokyo Bay
9.2.1 Oceanographic State
9.2.2 Experiment and Methods
9.2.3 Differential Travel Times
9.2.4 Inversion
9.2.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
9.3 Kanmon Strait
9.3.1 Oceanographic State
9.3.2 Experiment and Methods
9.3.3 Differential Travel Times
9.3.4 Inversion
9.3.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
9.4 Zhitouyang Bay
9.4.1 Oceanographic State
9.4.2 Experiment and Methods
9.4.3 Differential Travel Times
9.4.4 Inversion
9.4.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
9.4.6 Tidal Harmonics
9.4.7 Rotation of Tidal Currents With the Tidal Phase
9.5 Qiongzhou Strait
9.5.1 Oceanographic State
9.5.2 Experiment and Methods
9.5.3 Range-Average Current and Volume Transport
9.5.4 Inversion
9.5.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
9.6 Dalian Bay
9.6.1 Oceanographic State
9.6.2 Experiment and Methods
9.6.3 Differential Travel Times
9.6.4 Inversion
9.6.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
9.6.6 Validation
9.7 Bali Strait (June 2016)
9.7.1 Oceanographic State
9.7.2 Experiment and Methods
Contents vii
9.7.3 Range-Average Currents
9.7.4 North-East Currents
9.7.5 Along-Strait Volume Transport and Energy Balance
9.7.6 Inversion
9.7.7 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
9.7.8 Specialty of the 3-h Oscillation
9.8 Hiroshima Bay
9.8.1 Oceanographic State
9.8.2 Experiment
9.8.3 Position Correction
9.8.4 Range-Average Temperature
9.8.5 Inversion
9.8.6 Mapping Reconstructed Temperature Fields
9.8.7 Coastal Upwelling and Diurnal Internal Tides
9.8.8 Sea Surface Depression Associated With Upwelling
9.8.9 Upwelling Velocity and Mixing Rate
CHAPTER 10 Applications for Vertical-Slice Inversion
10.1 Bali Strait (June 2015)
10.1.1 Experiment
10.1.2 Ray Simulation
10.1.3 Identifying the First Two Arrival Peaks
10.1.4 Range-Average Current and Temperature
10.1.5 Inversion
10.1.6 Profiling the Current and Temperature
10.1.7 Power Spectral Densities
10.1.8 Nonlinear Tides
10.1.9 Concluding Remarks
10.2 Luzon Strait
10.2.1 Oceanographic State
10.2.2 Site and Experiment
10.2.3 Data Acquisition and Errors
10.2.4 Modal Simulation
10.2.5 Identifying Arrival Peaks in the Received Data
10.2.6 Profiling the Sound Speed Deviation
10.2.7 Retrieving the Periodic Phenomena
CHAPTER 11 Applications for Data Assimilation
11.1 Nekoseto Channel
11.1.1 Model and Methods
11.1.2 Mapping 2D Current Fields
11.1.3 Validation
viii Contents
11.2 Kanmon Strait
11.2.1 Model and Method
11.2.2 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
11.2.3 Along-Strait Volume Transport
11.2.4 Validation
11.3 Sanmen Bay
11.3.1 Model Site and Data
11.3.2 Methods
11.3.3 Model
11.3.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
11.3.5 Validation
11.4 Hiroshima Bay
11.4.1 Model
11.4.2 Methods
11.4.3 Mapping Three-Dimensional Current Velocity and
Salinity Fields
11.4.4 Volume Transports
11.4.5 Transport Continuity and Mixing Fractions
CHAPTER 12 Modal Function Expansion With Coastline Constraints
12.1 Fundamental Remarks
12.2 Formulation
12.3 Application to Hiroshima Bay
12.3.1 Experiment and Methods
12.3.2 Observed Data
12.3.3 Modal Expansion Functions
12.3.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
12.3.5 Validation
12.4 Application to Jiaozhou Bay
12.4.1 Oceanographic State
12.4.2 Experiment and Model
12.4.3 Modal Expansion Functions
12.4.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
CHAPTER 13 Application to Various Fields and Phenomena
13.1 Yearly Measurement of the Residual Current
13.1.1 Specific Features
13.1.2 Experiment
13.1.3 Ray Simulation
13.1.4 Received Data
13.1.5 Along-Channel Current
Contents ix
13.1.6 Yearly Variations of the Observed Current
and Temperature
13.1.7 Residual Current Calculated From Upslope Point Method
13.2 Bay With Multiinternal Modes
13.2.1 Specific Features
13.2.2 Experiment and Methods
13.2.3 Range-Average Sound Speed
13.2.4 Spectral Analyses
13.2.5 Propagation of Internal-Mode Waves
13.3 Bay With Resonant Internal Modes
13.4 Strait With Internal Solitary Waves
13.4.1 Background
13.4.2 Experimental Site and Methods
13.4.3 Travel Times and Range-Average Temperatures for the Largest
Arrival Peak
13.4.4 Distance Correction
13.4.5 Sound Transmission Data With Multiarrival Peaks
13.4.6 Ray Simulation and Inversion
13.4.7 Profiling Temperatures
13.4.8 Concluding Remarks
13.5 River With Tidal Bores
13.5.1 Specific Features
13.5.2 Experiment and Methods
13.5.3 Cross-River Surveys by Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current
Profiler
13.5.4 Cross-River Surveys by Coastal Acoustic Tomography
13.5.5 River Discharges
13.5.6 Concluding Remarks
13.6 Large Circular Tank With Omnidirectional Waves and Currents
13.6.1 FloWave Circular Tank
13.6.2 Simulating Flow Fields
13.6.3 Experiment and Methods
13.6.4 Identifying Multiarrival Peaks
13.6.5 Mapping the Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
13.6.6 Remaining Issues
CHAPTER 14 Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography
14.1 Introductory Remarks
14.2 Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography System Design
14.3 Enhancing the Positioning Accuracy
14.4 Feasibility Experiments
x Contents
14.5 Ray Simulation
14.6 Arrival-Peak Identification
14.7 Range-Average Currents
14.8 Compact Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography Array
14.9 Further Advancement
- No. of pages: 362
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: February 5, 2020
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128185070
- eBook ISBN: 9780128189429
AK
Arata Kaneko
Professor Kaneko started his academic career as a research associate in Kyushu University. In 1980, during his time as a research associate in the Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, he was awarded Doctor of Engineering. In 1981, he was promoted as an associate professor in RIAM. After that, he shifted research field from the nearshore fluid dynamics to open-ocean fluid dynamics and started a challenging structural observation of ocean currents such as the Kuroshio Current and Tsushima Warm Current, using a newly-developed towed-type acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). From 1985 to 1986, Professor Kaneko worked at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, extending his research to ocean acoustic tomography (OAT). In 1991, he moved to the Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, as a full professor. At this time Kaneko set up a lab studying OAT and began exploring the now well-established technology and method of applying OAT to coastal sea study, with more acoustic complexity. The coastal acoustic tomography (CAT) group, which was established in Hiroshima University and composed of research staff and graduate students educated in Kaneko’s laboratory, have visualized (mapped) variable coastal currents with methods combined by inversion and data assimilation in the last two decades and results have been released to the international oceanographic community
Affiliations and expertise
Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, JapanXZ
Xiao-Hua Zhu
Xiao-Hua Zhu received a Ph.D. in physical oceanography from Hiroshima University. He was a post-doctoral fellow at Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute (CNIRI), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. After this Zhu moved to the Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change (FORSGC)/Japan Agency for Marin-Earth Science and Technology (JMASTEC) as a Research Scientist and started the mooring observations to measure the Kuroshio and Ryukyu Current in both sides of the Ryukyu Island by the Pressure-recording Inverted Echo Sounders (PIESs), moored ADCP and currentmeters. In 2006, he became a Senior Research Scientist of the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China. Since then, he imported the coastal acoustic tomography (CAT) systems from Hiroshima University-related incubation company (Aqua Environmental Monitoring Limited Liability Partnership) and successfully carried out the CAT experiments in the coastal region of China, including Zhitouyang Bay, Sanmen Bay, Qiangtang River, Dalian Bay, Jiaozhou Bay and Qiongzhou Strait. He is also an adjunct professor in Zhejiang University, Dalian Ocean University, Hehai University and Shanghai Jiaotong University.
Affiliations and expertise
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, ChinaJL
Ju Lin
Ju Lin is an associate professor of Ocean University of China. His research interests are focused on the characteristics of underwater acoustic propagation, the development of underwater acoustic monitoring system and acoustical oceanography. In the last decade, the newly proposed methods succeeded to invert the coastal sea environment parameters such as tidal current and temperature in the Kanmon Strait, Hiroshima Bay, Luzon Strait and Jiaozhou Bay from coastal acoustic tomography data. He serves as an executive council member of the Acoustic Society of Shandong, China, and a member of the Physical Acoustics Branch Committee of Acoustical Society of China and the Underwater Acoustics Branch Committee of Acoustical Society of China.
Affiliations and expertise
College of Information Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingtao, ChinaRead Coastal Acoustic Tomography on ScienceDirect