Citrus Fruit
Biology, Technology, and Evaluation
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Citrus Fruit: Biology, Technology and Evaluation, Second Edition presents a comprehensive view of these globally important crops, from cultivars to consumer acceptability. Now fully revised and updated to address the latest technologies and advancements, along with an exploration of highly current topics, including the impacts of climate and COVID-19, the book presents fresh fruit scenarios from around the globe. Sections explore the challenge of losses, background on fresh citrus cultivars production, factors that impact fruit quality, morphology, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of fruit, fruit maturity, grades, and physico-chemical characteristics before moving into aspects of post-harvest technology. From irradiation and quality control to the nutritive, medicinal and safety aspects, the book presents the wide range of factors that can impact successful citrus crop production, delivery and consumption. Intended as a resource for researchers and scientists dealing with the growth, development and distribution of citrus fruit, the book provides up-to-date coverage on global citrus fruit production and practices.
Key Features
- Fully revised and updated release, including new chapters on post-harvest disease management practices and the impact of climate change and COVID-19
- Includes expanded insights on nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds and antioxidants
- Presents research data that will be valuable for those involved in the handling and marketing of citrus fruits
Readership
Researchers, academics and advanced level students in agriculture and horticultural scientists. Those involved with postharvest management of fruits especially citrus. Those in industrial processing of citrus
Table of Contents
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I History and nutritive value
- II Area and production
- III Consumption
- IV International trade
- V Varieties
- VI Future projections
- VII Major threats to production and supply
- VIII Postharvest overview
- IX Conclusion
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 2. Commercial fresh citrus cultivars and producing countries
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Citrus cultivars for fresh fruit markets
- II Countries, varieties grown, and harvesting seasons
- References
- Chapter 3. Postharvest losses
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Introduction
- II Mandarin
- III Impact of transportation on losses
- IV Acid lime
- V Sweet orange and grapefruit
- VI Strategies to reduce losses
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 4. Preharvest factors
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Sanitary conditions and tree health
- II Tree nutrition and cultivation practices
- III Preharvest sprays
- IV Climate
- References
- Chapter 5. Fruit morphology, anatomy and physiology
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Fruit morphology
- II Fruit anatomy
- III Fruit physiology
- IV Citrus greening and amino acid metabolism
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 6. Fruit biochemistry
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Introduction
- II Carbohydrates
- III Organic acids
- IV Nitrogenous compounds
- V Enzymes
- VI Lipids, waxes, and other related compounds
- VII Pigments
- VIII Phenols, flavonoids and limonoids
- IX Vitamins
- X Inorganic constituents
- XI Citrus oils and volatile flavoring compounds
- XII Antioxidant capacity
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 7. Growth, maturity, grade standards, and physico-mechanical characteristics of fruit
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Citrus fruit and climate
- II Growth and development
- III Indices of maturity, fruit grades, and standards
- IV Physical and mechanical characteristics
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 8. Harvesting
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Methods of harvesting
- II Cost of harvesting
- References
- Chapter 9. Preparation for the fresh fruit market
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Degreening
- II Packinghouse operations
- III Postharvest treatments
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 10. Packaging
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Containers and packaging materials
- II Film-wrapping and seal-packaging
- III Modified atmosphere packaging
- IV Biodegradable packaging and alternatives
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 11. Precooling and refrigeration
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit
- II Mechanical refrigeration
- III Precooling
- References
- Chapter 12. Storage systems and response of citrus fruits
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Storage systems
- II Removal of ethylene from storage area
- III Changes in fruit composition during storage
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 13. Transportation
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Road and vehicle condition
- II Surface transport
- III Air distribution system
- IV Fruit package and stowage
- V Fresh air exchange
- VI Commodity specific transport requirement
- VII Refrigeration controls, sensors and communication
- VIII Conditioning and quarantine treatments during transportation
- IX Air shipments
- X Food safety considerations during shipments
- References
- Chapter 14. Marketing and distribution
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Marketing systems and distribution
- References
- Chapter 15. Irradiation
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Ionizing radiation
- II Irradiation process
- III Possible benefits of irradiation
- IV Irradiation effects on citrus quality attributes
- V Phytotoxic effect of irradiation on peel and flesh
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 16. Postharvest disease management with fungicides
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Introduction
- II Postharvest diseases
- III Disinfectants and fungicides
- IV Treatments, residues, and tolerances
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 17. Alternative strategies for postharvest disease management
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Introduction
- II Generally recognized as safe chemicals
- III Microbial antagonists
- IV Commercial microbial antagonists
- V Plant extracts and compounds of bio-origin
- VI Growth regulating substances
- VII Antifungal edible coatings
- VIII Physical methods
- IX Integrated treatments
- X Organic postharvest management
- XI Available strategies and regulations
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 18. Physiological disorders and their management
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Disorders caused by postharvest factors
- II Disorders caused by preharvest factors
- References
- Chapter 19. Postharvest quarantine treatments for insect-pests, mites and diseases
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Introduction
- II Pest and disease-free zone protocol
- III Fruit-fly disinfestation
- IV Other insect-pests and mites
- V Diseases
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 20. Fruit quality control, evaluation, and analysis
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Fruit quality
- II Analysis of quality attributes and instruments
- III Rapid nondestructive quality evaluation and application
- IV Information and communications technology in fruit quality management
- V Quality control and assurance systems
- References
- Chapter 21. Nutritive and medicinal value of citrus fruits
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Nutritive value of citrus fruit in the human diet
- II Therapeutic/medicinal value
- III Nutritive and medicinal value of Bael (Aegle marmelos)
- References
- Chapter 22. Biotechnological applications in fresh citrus fruit
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Introduction
- II Attributes for improvement
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 23. World fresh citrus trade and quarantine issues
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Exports, imports, and world trade
- II Quarantine issues
- III Blockchain technology in citrus trade
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 24. Impact of climate change and COVID-19 pandemic on citrus industry
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- I Climate change
- II Climate change effect on crop physiology
- III Fruit production and yield
- IV Marketing and prices
- V Mitigation and adaptation strategy
- VI COVID pandemic
- VII Fruit production and consumption during pandemic
- VIII COVID-19 effect on trade
- References
- Further reading
- Appendix A
- Appendix B
- Glossary
- Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 858
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 2022
- Published: August 24, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780323993074
- Hardcover ISBN: 9780323993067
About the Author
Milind Ladaniya
Dr. Ladaniya has worked at ARS at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru and the National Research Centre for Citrus (NRCC), Nagpur. During his tenure as the Director, NRCC was upgraded by the ICAR to the level of Central Citrus Research Institute.
He has made outstanding contributions in developing post-harvest protocols for fresh citrus fruits and has laid a foundation of systematic post-harvest research on citrus fruits. His efforts led to development of quality standards for citrus and most of his technologies find place in package of practices published by APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Products Export Development Authority of India, Ministry of Commerce, India) for Nagpur mandarin.
He is the President of the Indian Society of Citriculture and was also a crop (Citrus) Co-ordinator in All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Fruits.
A new Regional Research Centre for Citrus (RRCC) has been started at Biswanath Chariali, Assam by CCRI under his stewardship.
Affiliations and Expertise
Former Director and Mission Leader (Technology Mission on Citrus) ICAR - Central Citrus Research Institute India, India