Cereal Straw as a Resource for Sustainable Biomaterials and Biofuels

Preface 1. Introduction References 2. Structure, Ultrastructure, and Chemical Composition 2.1 Anatomical Structure 2.2 Ultrastructure 2.2.1 Ultrastructure of Wood 2.2.2 Ultrastructure of Grass 2.3 Distribution of Polysaccharides and Lignin 2.3.1 Polysaccharides Distribution 2.3.2 Lignin Distribution 2.4 Chemical Composition 2.4.1 Cellulose 2.4.2 Hemicelluloses 2.4.3 Lignin 2.4.4 Pectic Substances 2.4.5 Proteins 2.4.6 Cutins, Suberins, Waxes and Other Extracts 2.4.7 Ash References 3. Extractives 3.1 Isolation and Purification 3.1.1 Procedures for Isolation of Extractives 3.1.2 Purification of Extractives 3.2 Structural Characterization 3.2.1 Chemical Composition of Extractives 3.2.2 Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization References 4. Hemicelluloses 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Occurrence, Nature, and Classification 4.2.1 Occurrence, Nature, and Classification of Hemicelluloses 4.2.2 Occurrence, Nature, and Classification of Straw Hemicelluloses 4.3 Isolation, Analysis, and Structure 4.3.1 Isolation 4.3.2 Structural Analysis of Straw Hemicelluloses 4.3.3 Structure 4.4 Physicochemical Properties 4.4.1 Solubility 4.4.2 Mw and Mw Distribution 4.4.3 Rheological Behavior 4.4.4 Surface Tension 4.4.5 Thermal Behavior 4.4.6 Biological Activity 4.5 Interactions with Cellulose 4.5.1 Interaction of Hemicelluloses with Celluloses in Production of Celluloses 4.5.2 Interaction of Hemicelluloses with Celluloses in Papermaking Process 4.5.3 Effect of Interaction of Hemicelluloses with Celluloses on the Bioethanol Production 4.5.4 The Assembly Characteristics of Hemicelluloses