Contemporary Research Methods in Pharmacy and Health Services
- 1st Edition - May 10, 2022
- Editors: Shane P. Desselle, Victoria Garcia Cardenas, Claire Anderson, Parisa Aslani, Aleda M. H. Chen, Timothy F. Chen
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 8 8 8 - 6
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 4 2 6 - 0
Emerging methods, as well as best practices in well-used methods, in pharmacy are of great benefit to researchers, graduate students, graduate programs, residents and fellows al… Read more
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Request a sales quoteEmerging methods, as well as best practices in well-used methods, in pharmacy are of great benefit to researchers, graduate students, graduate programs, residents and fellows also in other health science areas.
Researchers require a text to assist in the design of experiments to address seemingly age-old problems. New interventions are needed to improve medication adherence, patients’ lived experiences in health care, provider-patient relationships, and even various facets of pharmacogenomics. Advances in systems re-engineering can optimize health care practitioners’ roles.
Contemporary Research Methods in Pharmacy and Health Services
includes multi-authored chapters by renowned experts in their field. Chapters cover examples in pharmacy, health services and others transcendent of medical care, following a standardized format, including key research points; valid and invalid assumptions; pitfalls to avoid; applications; and further inquiry.This is a valuable resource for researchers both in academia and corporate R&D, primarily in pharmacy but also in health services, and other health disciplines. Social science researchers and government scientists can also benefit from the reading.
- Provides multi-authored chapters by renowned experts in their field
- Includes examples for pharmacy and health services and others that are transcendent of medical care
- Covers key research points, valid and invalid assumptions, pitfalls to avoid, applications, and further inquiry
- Cover
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- About the Editors
- Preface
- Historical underpinnings and growth of pharmacy and health services research
- Why we created this textbook
- How the book is organized and its contents
- What we hope you will gain from this book
- Section I: Overarching Design and Reviews Considerations
- Chapter 1: Applying human factors and ergonomics methods to pharmaceutical health services research
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Opportunities for HFE in pharmacy
- HFE methods for pharmacy research and clinical practice
- Comprehensive application of HFE methods in pharmacy research and practice
- Case 1: Medication package, label, and information design
- Case 2: Human-centered design of a digital decision aid for medication safety
- Case 3: Clinic and pharmacy work system analysis of a medication cancellation health IT functionality
- Conclusions and considerations
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 2: Designing complex health interventions using experience-based co-design
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Interventions to improve the safety of medication management
- What is co-design?
- What is experience-based co-design?
- Harnessing EBCD in wider health research processes
- What are the stages of EBCD?
- Adapting EBCD for intervention development and testing as part of a multiphase project
- Methodological considerations
- Ethical considerations
- Accommodating local variation
- Combining EBCD with behavior change theories and methods for intervention development
- Skills needed for successful intervention development using EBCD
- Summary
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 3: Use of common models to inform and design pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Define the terms theory, framework, and model within health care research
- Describe various theories, models, and frameworks that have been used and tested in health care research
- Describe the steps in developing an idea to operationalization, implementation, testing, and analyzing results; on the springboard of a theory, framework, or model
- Explain the conversion of results into meaningful applications for patient care, behavioral change, practice advancement, policy, and future research
- Describe common pitfalls during the process and pearls for success
- Summary
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Bibliography for each model in social and administrative sciences research (in primary journals RSAP and JAPhA) in the past 5 years
- Chapter 4: Implementation science to guide pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- An overview of implementation science
- Theories, models, and frameworks in implementation research
- Implementation strategies in health services research
- Implementation research designs
- Standards for reporting implementation research
- Overall recommendations for conducting implementation research
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 5: CFIR framework in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The consolidated framework for implementation research
- Use of the consolidated framework for implementation research
- Sample pharmacy studies using the consolidated framework for implementation research
- Sample review applying and tailoring the CFIR framework to pharmacy services
- Application of CFIR to a systematic review of factors influencing national implementation of innovations in community pharmacy
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 6: Principles and applications of metaresearch
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical overview
- Thematic areas within metaresearch
- Metaresearch methods and techniques
- Importance of metaresearch
- Getting involved in metaresearch
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 7: Best practices when conducting and reporting a meta-analysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Meta-analysis: Main concepts
- Guidelines for conducting and reporting a meta-analysis
- Meta-analysis components
- Overall recommendations for reporting metaanalytical parameters
- Benefits and limitations of meta-analyses
- Meta-analyses on pharmacy services: Where do we stand?
- Conclusions
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 8: Using methods from human-centered design in health research: An introduction for pharmacy and health services researchers
- Abstract
- Introduction
- What is design?
- Key design approaches
- Human-centered design and health services research methods
- Working collaboratively
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Section II: Emerging Methodological Approaches and Updates
- Chapter 9: Applying action research in social pharmacy and health services research: An overview
- Abstract
- Acknowledgment
- Introduction
- Brief history
- Definition
- Types of action research
- Spiral process and research methods used for data collection
- Key characteristics
- Quality criteria
- Common limitations
- Recommendations to pharmacy practice and health service research
- Writing an action research report
- Summary
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 10: Q methodology in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Origins
- Principles
- Rationale for Q methodology
- Procedure
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 11: Medicines optimization and illness management research using dyads
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Key considerations when utilizing dyads in medicines optimization and illness management research
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 12: Using network analysis in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- What is a network?
- What is network analysis (NA)?
- A brief introduction to the historical background of networks and network analysis
- How has network analysis been used in public health?
- The introduction of network analysis in drug utilization studies
- How to create a medication use network?
- Example data sources and the created networks
- Examples of software to use for creating and studying networks
- Terminology of network analysis and examples of applied measures
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 13: Designing, evaluating and applying pictograms in pharmacy practice research
- Abstract
- Overview of health-related pictograms
- Current status of pictogram-related research
- Insight into pictograms and their interpretation
- Designing and/or modifying pictograms and reporting the process
- Methods used to evaluate pictogram comprehension and recall
- Comments on pictogram-based intervention studies
- Study details often inadequately reported/absent103
- Aspects to consider in future research
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 14: Application of photovoice in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- What is photovoice?
- Background
- Guidelines to implement photovoice within pharmacy and health services research
- The ethics of photovoice
- Considerations for data analysis
- Best practices for reporting research studies that implemented photovoice
- Examples of photovoice projects relevant for pharmacy and health services research
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 15: The draw and write technique to uncover nuance in pharmacy and health services delivery
- Abstract
- Arts-informed research
- Public perceptions of community pharmacy services
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 16: The use of art to analyze learning practices in pharmacy and to inform assessment and intervention practices
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results and discussion
- Reflections and conclusions
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- Appendix: Assessment practices
- References
- Chapter 17: Evaluating benefits and harms of deprescribing using routinely collected data
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Emulating a target trial
- Active comparator, new user design
- Prior event rate ratio
- Propensity score approaches
- Self-controlled designs
- Instrumental variables
- Discussion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 18: Understanding and addressing the observer effect in observation studies
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- The observer effect
- Exploring the observer effect in a specific study
- Following up an observation study regarding the observer effect
- Following up your observation study
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 19: An introduction to how realist research can inform pharmacy practice and policy
- Abstract
- Outline
- Background
- Case studies
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 20: Application of process philosophy with organization and management science in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Objectives
- Introduction
- How can the theory-practice “gap” be better explained and understood?
- How can pharmacy practice be understood in a more practically rational way?
- How can (re)organizing mentalities be better understood?
- Methodological considerations: How can “the doing” of practice be explored?
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 21: Design and application of the simulated patient method in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Study design and application of the simulated patient method
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- Appendix
- References
- Section III: Qualitative, Hybrid, and Consensus-Gathering Approaches
- Chapter 22: Moderation analysis with binary outcomes: Interactions on additive and multiplicative scales
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Review of statistical models with binary outcomes
- Review of the linear moderation model
- Interactions in logistic regression: Two examples
- The scale of interaction: Additive and multiplicative interactions
- Conclusions
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 23: The use of ethnography in social pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction: Why ethnography?
- Ethnography at a glance
- Ethnographic epistemology
- Doing ethnography
- Ethics
- Is ethnography right for me—And how to go forward?
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercises/scenarios
- References
- Chapter 24: Video-reflexive ethnography applications in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The potential for VRE applications in pharmacy practice research
- Discussion: Using VRE in the community pharmacy setting
- Conclusions
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- Appendix
- References
- Chapter 25: Reflexivity practice during ethnographic informed fieldwork
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Importance and challenges with rapport building
- Positionality and intersectionality
- Discussion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 26: Utilizing a cognitive engineering approach to conduct a hierarchical task analysis to understand complex patient decision making
- Abstract
- Introduction: Hierarchical task analysis
- A framework for conducting hierarchical task analysis
- A case study: Understanding how older adults select over-the-counter medications from their community pharmacy using hierarchical task analysis
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 27: Rapid turn-around qualitative analysis applications in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Rapid assessment procedures
- Application of rapid assessment procedures in the healthcare setting
- Application of rapid assessment procedures in pharmacy practice
- Future use of RAP
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 28: Best practices in mixed methods for pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction to mixed methods
- Methodological limitations in social pharmacy research and corresponding solutions
- Tools and techniques in mixed methods research
- Publishing and reviewing mixed method studies
- Recommendations for mixed methods research in social pharmacy
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 29: Using textual data in qualitative pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Benefits and challenges of using existing textual data
- Collecting existing textual data
- Data analysis
- Examples of work
- Reflections from the examples of work
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 30: Online focus group methodology: Recruitment, facilitation, and reimbursement
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Additional observations and important considerations of online facilitation
- Potential advantages and limitations of online focus groups
- Summary
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 31: Consensus development methods: Use in the production of national and international frameworks and tools in health systems and policy making
- Abstract
- Ethics
- Declaration of interest
- Author contributions
- Introduction
- What are consensus development methods?
- How have CDMs been used at national and international levels?
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 32: An overview of the Delphi technique in social pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanics of the Delphi
- Origins of the Delphi
- Advantages and disadvantages
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 33: Applying the Delphi technique in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Review of pharmacy practice Delphi technique studies
- Important highlights from the review
- An exemplary case study
- Recommendations for researchers thinking about using Delphi in their research
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Section IV: Quantitative Approaches and Analytical Considerations
- Chapter 34: Using prescription drug databases for comorbidity adjustment: A remedy for disaster or a prescription for improved model fit?
- Abstract
- Methods
- Review of Charlson comorbidity index
- Review of Elixhauser comorbidity index
- Charlson comorbidity index vs. Elixhauser comorbidity index
- Review of pharmacy measures
- Advantages of prescription measures
- Disadvantages of prescription measures
- Pharmacy vs. diagnostic measures
- Combining diagnostic and prescription
- Future of prescription measures
- Current recommendations
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 35: Handling missing data in surveys—Concepts, approaches, and applications in pharmacy and health services research
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Planning for missing data
- Analyzing data with missing values
- Missing data in special circumstances
- Reporting on missing data
- Summary
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 36: Use of national databases and surveys to evaluate prescribing patterns and medication use
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Scope of the NAMCS and NHAMCS
- Sample design in the NAMCS and NHAMCS
- Data collection for the NAMCS and NHAMCS
- Processing of the NAMCS/NHAMCS data
- Strengths of the NAMCS/NHAMCS
- Analytical considerations of the NAMCS/NHAMCS
- Common challenges with the NAMCS/NHAMCS
- Evaluating prescribing practices with the NAMCS/NHAMCS
- Approaches for evaluating prescribing practicing
- Conclusions
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 37: Latent class and latent class regression
- Abstract
- Introduction
- LCA
- Example LCA analysis
- LC-regression
- Summary
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 38: Guidelines and standards in medication adherence research
- Abstract
- Medication adherence guidelines
- Recommendations to improve research on medication adherence
- Types of medication adherence measures
- Conclusions
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 39: Methodological and disciplinary competence and insecurity in qualitative research
- Abstract
- Qualitative research within social pharmacy
- Underlying understanding of epistemology
- Methodological and disciplinary competence and insecurity
- Reflexivity
- Transparency and checklists
- Quality criteria
- Sample size, saturation and information power
- Going forward
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 40: Contemporary conceptualization of measurement validity
- Abstract
- Introduction
- What is validity?
- Historical overview of the concept of validity
- Discussing validity when reporting research
- Conclusions
- Discussion questions
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Chapter 41: A practical approach to the assessment and quantification of content validity
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Components of content validity
- Assessment of the content validity
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercises/scenarios
- References
- Chapter 42: Key processes and popular analyses in the SEM family of techniques
- Abstract
- Objectives
- Introduction
- Mathematical overview
- Analytic process
- Interpreting and reporting
- Popular analyses
- Bayesian SEM
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- References
- Chapter 43: Statistical considerations when making potential multiple comparisons
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Type-I and Type-II error
- Arguments for and against making adjustments
- Conclusion
- Questions for further discussion
- Application exercise/scenario
- References
- Index
- No. of pages: 670
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: May 10, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323918886
- eBook ISBN: 9780323914260
SD
Shane P. Desselle
VC
Victoria Garcia Cardenas
CA
Claire Anderson
PA
Parisa Aslani
AC
Aleda M. H. Chen
TC