The Mammalian Spinal Cord

1st Edition - December 22, 2021
Authors: Charles Watson, Gulgun Sengul, George Paxinos
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 4 1 4 6 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 4 1 4 7 - 2

The Mammalian Spinal Cord provides a comprehensive account of the anatomy and histology of the spinal cord. The text covers the cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecture, motor neuron di… Read more

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The Mammalian Spinal Cord provides a comprehensive account of the anatomy and histology of the spinal cord. The text covers the cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecture, motor neuron distribution, long tracts, autonomic outflow, and gene expression in the spinal cord. A feature of the book is the inclusion of segment-by-segment atlases of the spinal cords of rat, mouse, newborn mouse, marmoset, rhesus monkey, and human. This book is an essential reference for researchers studying the spinal cord.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Reproduction of figures
Contributors
Dedication
Chapter 1: Organization of the spinal cord
The gross anatomy of the spinal cord
Segments based on spinal nerve exit patterns
Spinal nerves
Gray and white matter
White matter of the spinal cord
Gray matter of the spinal cord
Meninges
Blood supply
Hox gene expression
Chapter 2: Development of the spinal cord
From epiblast to neural tube
Neural crest development
Alar and basal plates and their derivatives
Segmentation of the developing spinal cord
Motor neuron development and cell death
Development of spinal cord afferents and dorsal horn interneurons
Development of glia in the spinal cord
Development of major ascending and descending tracts
Myelination of spinal cord pathways
Relative growth of the spinal cord and vertebral column
Chapter 3: The vertebral column and spinal meninges
The vertebral column
The spinal meninges
Chapter 4: Spinal nerves
Ventral roots
Dorsal roots
Dorsal root ganglia
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves in humans
Ventral rami of spinal nerves in humans
Dermatomes
Segmental motor distribution
Chapter 5: Primary afferent projections to the spinal cord
Dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer’s tract)
Somatotopic arrangement of primary afferent projections
Terminations of primary afferent projections in the spinal cord
Chapter 6: Cytoarchitecture of the spinal cord
The laminae of Rexed
Spinal cord nuclei
Chapter 7: Motor neurons of the spinal cord
Somatic motor neuron columns
Experimental methods used to study musculotopic organization of motor neurons
Motor neuron groups supplying the muscles of the limbs and trunk
Chapter 8: Preganglionic neurons
The autonomic nervous system—Parasympathetic and sympathetic elements
Preganglionic neurons in thoracic and lumbar spinal segments—The sympathetic outflow
Sacral preganglionic neurons
Summary
Chapter 9: Projections from the spinal cord to the brain
Ascending spinal projections in the dorsal funiculus
Ascending spinal projections in the ventrolateral funiculus
Other spinal cord projections to the hindbrain
Spinal cord projections to telencephalon
Projections from the spinal cord to the cerebellum
Chapter 10: Projections from the brain to the spinal cord
The corticospinal tract
Spinal projections from forebrain areas other than the cerebral cortex
Spinal projecting neurons in the midbrain
Spinal projecting neurons in the hindbrain
Chapter 11: Pattern generators of the vertebrate spinal cord
Patterning in movement
Locomotion
Quadruped and biped locomotion
Putting it together: Models of CPG modular organization
Conclusion
Chapter 12: Spinal cord transmitter substances
Cholinergic neurons
Substance P
Noradrenergic projections to the spinal cord
Serotonergic projections from the raphe nuclei
Dopaminergic projections to the spinal cord
Chapter 13: Gene expression in the newborn and adult mouse spinal cord
Gene expression categories defined by cytoarchitecture
Expression in gray matter of the mouse spinal cord
Expression in white matter of the mouse spinal cord
Expression in vascular-like cells
Chapter 14: Spinal cord imaging
CT and PET/CT imaging
MRI
Diffusion tensor imaging
Diffusion-weighted imaging
Functional MRI
CLARITY technique
Chapter 15: The cyclostome spinal cord
Evolutionary aspects
Sensory neurons and ascending pathways
Motor neurons
Interneurons of the lamprey spinal cord
Reticulospinal, 5-HT, and peptidergic projections to the spinal cord
Types of synaptic transmission—Neurotransmitters and modulators
Concluding remarks—Evolutionary conservation
Atlas of the lamprey spinal cord
Chapter 16: Atlas of the rat spinal cord
Methods
Nomenclature and abbreviations
Basis of delineation of structures
Identification of regions and segments of the spinal cord
Chapter 17: Atlas of the mouse spinal cord
Methods
Basis of delineation of structures
Figures
Chapter 18: Atlas of the newborn mouse spinal cord
Methods
Differences between the newborn and adult mouse spinal cords
Figures
Chapter 19: Atlas of the marmoset spinal cord
Methods
Chapter 20: Atlas of the rhesus monkey spinal cord
Methods
Chapter 21: Atlas of the human spinal cord
Methods
Basis of delineation of structures

Charles Watson

Charles Watson is a neuroscientist and public health physician. His qualifications included a medical degree (MBBS) and two research doctorates (MD and DSc). He is Professor Emeritus at Curtin University, and holds adjunct professorial research positions at the University of New South Wales, the University of Queensland, and the University of Western Australia. He has published over 100 refereed journal articles and 40 book chapters, and has co-authored over 25 books on brain and spinal cord anatomy. The Paxinos Watson rat brain atlas has been cited over 80,000 times. His current research is focused on the comparative anatomy of the hippocampus and the claustrum. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Sydney in 2012 and received the Distinguished Achievement Award of the Australasian Society for Neuroscience in 2018.

Affiliations and expertise

John Curtin Distinguished Professor of Health Science, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia and Neuroscience Research Australia, NSW Sydney, Australia

Gulgun Sengul

Dr Gulgun Sengul, MD is a specialist in the anatomy of the spinal cord and brainstem, with a particular interest in pain pathways. Dr Sengul co-authored 'The Spinal Cord: A Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Text and Atlas' published by Elsevier in 2009. Dr Sengul was first author of the 'Atlas of the Spinal Cord of the Rat, Mouse, Marmoset, Rhesus, and Human' published by Elsevier in 2013. This latter book includes the first published atlases of the spinal cord of the marmoset and rhesus monkeys and the first diagrammatic and cytoarchitectonic atlas of the human spinal cord. Dr Sengul also contributed to the Allen Spinal Cord Atlas and brainstem part of the BrainSpan Atlas of the Developing Human Brain projects. The rodent and primate atlases produced by Dr Sengul and her colleagues provide an important platform for future spinal cord research.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Anatomy, Ege University School of Medicine, Turkey

George Paxinos

Professor Paxinos is the author of almost 50 books on the structure of the brain of humans and experimental animals, including The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, now in its 7th Edition, which is ranked by Thomson ISI as one of the 50 most cited items in the Web of Science. Dr. Paxinos paved the way for future neuroscience research by being the first to produce a three-dimensional (stereotaxic) framework for placement of electrodes and injections in the brain of experimental animals, which is now used as an international standard. He was a member of the first International Consortium for Brain Mapping, a UCLA based consortium that received the top ranking and was funded by the NIMH led Human Brain Project. Dr. Paxinos has been honored with more than nine distinguished awards throughout his years of research, including: The Warner Brown Memorial Prize (University of California at Berkeley, 1968), The Walter Burfitt Prize (1992), The Award for Excellence in Publishing in Medical Science (Assoc Amer Publishers, 1999), The Ramaciotti Medal for Excellence in Biomedical Research (2001), The Alexander von Humbolt Foundation Prize (Germany 2004), and more

Affiliations and expertise

NHMRC Senior Principal, NeuRA